Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/314

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. f. Sing. N. já. A. yắm. I. yáyā. G. yásyās. L. yásyām. Du. N. yé (TS. AV.). G. yayos. L. yayos. - Pl. N. yás. A. yás. I. yábhis. D. yábhyas. G. yasām. L. yásu. n. Sing. N. A. yád. 3°4 Du. ye. Pl. ya, yáni. a. The stem of yá- is used in the formation of many derivatives; e. g. yá-thā ‘as'; it also appears as first member of a compound in yā-dṛś- ‘which like'. The neuter form yad is once used similarly in the RV.: yát-kama- 'desiring what'. - b. The relative receives the indefinite meaning of 'whoever'ı by the addition of káś ca, káś cid, or cid alone; c. g. yád vo vayám cakṛmá kác cid ágaḥ (11.2714) ‘whatever sin we have committed against you'; yát kim ca duritám máyi (1. 2312) 'whatever sin (there is) in me'; yé cid dhí tvam sayaḥ púrva utáye juhüré (1.48¹4) 'whatever early seers have called on thee for aid'. 5. Indefinite Pronouns. 399. a. In the RV. there are found the two simple indefinite pro- nouns sama (unaccented) 'any', 'every' and simá- 'every', 'all'. The six forms of the former which occur are: m. Sing. A. samam. D. samasmai. Ab. samasmāt. G. samasya. L. samasmin. Pl. N. same. From simá- are met with the five forms: Sing. V. síma. N. simás. D. simásmai (neut.). Ab. simásmāt. - Pl. sim!. — b. Compound indefinite pronouns are formed by combining the particles ca, caná, or cid with the interrogative; thus káś ca ‘any', 'any one'; kás caná 'any one soever', 'every'; káś cid ‘any', 'some'; 'any one', 'some one'. 6. Reflexive Pronouns. 400. 1. The reflexive adjective is svá- ‘own', which refers to the first and second as well as the third person of all numbers; e. g. yád, indrāgnī, mádathaḥ své duroné (1. 1087) 'when, O Indra and Agni, ye rejoice in your own abode'. 2. The substantive reflexive is sva-y-ám ‘self', which is derived from svá- with the suffix -am and interposing y (as a-y-ám from a-). It is properly used as a nom. referring to all three persons; e. g. svayam yajasva diví, deva, deván (x. 76) 'do thou thyself, O god, worship the gods in heaven'. Some- times, however, the nominative nature of the pronoun is forgotten and svayám is used agreeing in sense with another case; e. g. vatsám suayám gātim .. icchámänam (IV. 18¹⁰) 'the calf himself seeking a way'. 3. Other cases than the nom. are regularly expressed in the RV. by tanú- 'body'; e. g. svayám gatům tanvà icchámānam (IV. 18¹º) 'himself seeking a way for himself (tanvè); yajasva tanvàm (x. 76) 'worship thyself'; má hasmahi prajáya, má tanúbhiḥ (x. 1285) 'may we suffer no harm with (regard to our) offspring or ourselves'. The reflexive adjective and a possessive gen. may be added; e. g. ágne, yájasva tanvàm táva svám (vI. 11²) 'Agni, worship thine own self' ². 4. There are one or two instances in the RV. of the incipient use of atman- 'soul' in a reflexive sense; thus bálam dádhāna atmáni (IX. 113¹) 'putting strength into himself'; yákṣmam sárvasmād atmánas.. vi vrhämi (x. 1636) I expel the disease from (thy) whole self'. The acc. atmánam, though not met with in the RV. as a reflexive, is frequently found so used in the later Samhitas 3; also in Kh. III. 10³. a. In the formation of compounds sva- several times appears in the substantive as well as the adjective sense as first member; c. g. svá-yukta- 'self-yoked'; sva-yúgvan- own companion'. svayám is also thus used in a few compounds; thus svayam-ja- 'self- born'; svayam-bhú- 'self-existent'. ¹ Cp. DELBRÜCK, Syntaktische Forschungen 2 Cp. DRLBRÜCK op. cit. 135, and GRASS- 5, 569-570. MANN, s. v. svá- and tanú-. 3 See DELBRÜCK op. cit. 155,