Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/304

 294 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. they generally gunate the stem, which then adds only -s instead of -as in the Ab. G. The L. sing. sometimes gunates the stem and adds -i, but generally takes Vṛddhi without an ending. The V. always gunates the stem. The N. pl. m. f. nearly always gunates the -u, to which the normal ending -as is added. The A. pl. in the m. adds -n, in the f. -s, before which the vowel is lengthened. The G. pl. always takes -nām, lengthening the pre- ceding vowel. The N. A. V. du. m. f. have no ending, simply lengthening the final vowel. The adjective mádhu- 'sweet' may be used to illustrafe the forms actually occurring: Sing. N. m. f. mádhus, n. mádhu. A. m. f. mádhum, n. mádhu. I. m. f. n. mádhva, m. n. mádhunā. D. m. f. n. mádhave, m. mádhve. Ab. m. f. n. mádhos, m. n. mádhvas, n. mádhunas. G. m. f. n. mádhos, m. n. mádhvas; n. mádhunas. L. m. f. n. mádhau, m. n. mádhavi, n. mádhuni. V. m. f. mádho, n. mádhu. Du. N. A. V. m. f. mádhu, n. mádhvī. I. m. mádhubhyām. D. m. mádhubhyām. Ab. m. n. mádhubhyam. G. m. mádhvos, n. mádhunos (AV.). L. m. f. mádhvos. Pl. N. V. m. f. mádhavas; mádhvas. N. A. n. mádhữ, mádhu; mádhūni. A. m. mádhun; mádhvas, f. mádhus; mádhvas. I. m. f. n. mádhubhis. D. m. f. n. mádhubhyas. Ab. m. f. mádhubhyas. G. m. f. n. mádhūnām. L. m. f. n. mádhusu. The forms actually occurring are the following: Sing. N. m. This form is very frequent, being made from 250 stems in the RV. and occurring nearly 900 times. The commonest examples are: indus (64) 'drop', víṣṇus (34) ‘Viṣņu', su-krátus (32) ‘skilful, vásus (25) 'good', ketis (23) 'brightness', rbhús (21) 'deft', vayús (20) 'wind', visváyus (18) 'kind to all men', sūnus (18) 'son', sindhus (17) 'river', cárus (16) 'dear', asmayús (16) 'desiring us', devayús (15) 'devoted to the gods', mánus (15) ‘man’. isus "arrow', otherwise f., is once (VIII. 667) m. a. The form yüs 'moving' is perhaps a corruption in VIII. 18¹3, where BLOOMFIELD (JAOS. 1906, p. 72) would read, for ririsista yúr, ririşīṣṭāyúr — ririşīṣṭa āyúr. = b. In vII. 863 didŕkşúpo perhaps stands for didŕksus+upo; but the Pada reads didykşu, and desiderative adjectives otherwise accent the final syllable; cp. LANMAN 405 (bottom). f. This form is made from 31 stems and occurs 73 times in the RV. The commonest examples are dhenús (22) 'cow', síndhus (11), śárus (4) 'arrow', vasuyús (3) 'desiring goods', isus (2), gatús (2) 'course', cárus (2), jivátus (2) 'life'¹. N. A. n. This form, which has no ending, is made from 68 stems and occurs over 400 times in the RV. The commonest examples are mádhu (77) ('sweetness'), vásu (77) 'wealth', urú (51) ‘wide', cáru (27), sánu (18) 'summit', prthi (15) 'broad, tri-dhatu (13) 'threefold', purú (13) 'much'. The RV. once has pásu and the VS. (xXIII.30) paśú ‘animal'. In other Samhitas occur tálu (VS.) 'palate', trápu (AV. VS.) ‘tin'. a. The final - is metrically lengthened in puri (12 times), mithú (twice) 'wrongly', and urú (once)². b. The metre seems to require the forms ayu (11I. 49²), jarámṛtyu (AV. XIX. 30¹), jisnú (AV. III. 19¹), pārayişnu (AV. VIII. 228), bahú (AV. xx. 13512), instead of the corre- sponding forms with -s, ayus etc., of the Samhită text. A. m. This form is made from 179 stems and occurs over 700 times in the RV. The commonest examples are: krátum (55) 'ability', ketúm (34), gatúm (33) 'course' and 'song', indum (27), sisum (26) 'child', sindhum (22), I LANMAN 406 enumerates the stems which form this N, 2 The Pada text here always has puru, mithi, urú. Cp. RPr. VII. 9, 19, 31; IX. 3.