Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/244

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. 'better', védīyān 'knowing better', śréyan 'better', sánīyān (TS. III. 5. 5³) ‘winning much', sáhīyān 'mightier', skábhīyān 'supporting more firmly'. 234 N. A. n. jiyas 'straighter', jiyas, kániyas¹, jyáyas, távīyas, dáviyas 'farther', drághiyas 'longer', náviyas, návyas, nédiyas 'quite near', préyas 'dearer', bhiyas2 'more', váriyas, várşiyas, vásīyas (TS. VS.), vásyas, śréyas (TS. VS.), svádiyas 'sweeter'. A. m. jyáyamsam, távyamsam, drághīyāmsam, návyāmsam, pányāmsam 'more wonderful, várṣīyāṇsam (AV.), śáśīyāṇsam 3 'more frequent', śréyamsam, sáhīyāmsam (AV.). I. m. jáviyasa, návyasā, bhiyasā, sáhīyasā (Kh. I. 1¹). — n. tėjīyasā 'keener', tvákṣīyasā 'very strong', návīyasã, návyasā, pánya sā, bhávīyasā 'more abundant, bhúyasā, vásyasā, sáhīyasā. D.m. távyase, náviyase, pániyase, pányase, báliyase(AV.) ‘mightier', vársiyase (VS. XVI. 30), śréyase (VS. XXXI. 11), sányase 'older', sáhiyaset, sáhyase, hániyase (VS. XVI. 40) 'more destructive'. n. náviyase, návyase, sányase. Ab. m. táviyasas, rábhyasas 'more violent', sáhiyasas, sáhyasas. n. bhúyasa. sas. G. m. kánīyasas, jyáyasas, távyasas, návīyasas, návyasas, bhúyasas. n. návyasas. L. m. várşıyasi (VS. vI. 11), sáhīyasi. V. m. ójīyas, jyáyas. Pl. N. m. tikṣṇīyāmsas (AV.) 'sharper', bhiyāmsas (TS. VS. AV.), śréyamsas. - n. návyāmsi. - — A. m. kániyasas, nediyasas, bhúyasas, rábhiyasas (VS. xxI. 46), várşiyasas (AV.), vásyasas, váhīyasas 'driving better', śréyasas (VS. TS.). G. m. á-stheyasām 'not firm' (137). The f. form návyasīnām is twice used owing to metrical exigencies instead of návyasam in agreement with marútām 5. 8. Stems in -vāms. or a consonant. 347. The suffix -vāms6 is used to form the stem of the perfect parti- ciple active. Strong and weak stem are regularly distinguished; but the latter assumes two different forms according as it is followed by a vowel The suffix is reduced before vowels, by loss of the nasal and Samprasarana, to us which becomes -uş; before a consonant (i. e. bh), it is reduced, by loss of the nasal and shortening of the vowel, to vas, which becomes -vat. The latter form of the stem occurs only three times in the RV. There are thus three stems employed in the inflexion of these participles: vams, -vat, us. The weakest form of the stem (-us) appears -vāms, instead of the strong twice in the A. sing. m. and once in the N. pl. m. The accent rests on the suffix in all its forms except in compounds formed with the negative a- or with su- 'well' and dus- 'ill', where it shifts to these particles. This declension is restricted to the m. and n., as the f. is formed by adding -ī to the weakest stem, as jagmús-i- 'having gone'. There are altogether (including compounds) about 75 stems in -vams in the RV. Inflexion. 348. No specifically n. forms occur except two in the A. sing. No L. has been met with in any number; all the other weak cases are wanting in The form jávīyas occurs in VS. XL. 4 (Īśā Up.). 2 Once to be read bhávīyas: LANMAN 514ª. 3 Comparative of the root from which śás-vat 'constant' is derived. 4 To be read sáhyase in I. 714. 5 See LANMAN 515. 6 On this suffix cp. J. SCHMIDT, KZ. 26, 329-377. 7 On the formation of this perfect stem, see above 181 and below 491. 8 This form was transferred to the N. A. sing. n. in which no consonant (-bh or -s) followed; cp. 44 a, 3.