Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/214

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. b. In the strong forms the stems rbhu-kşán- 'chief of the Rbhus', puşán-, and the f. yoşan-, retain the short a, while ukşán- 'ox' and výsan- 'bull' fluctuate between ǎ and ā. The words sván- and yúvan- form their weak stems before vowels with Samprasāraṇa, sún-, yun-; the latter is once used in the N. du. m. form yunā instead of yůvānā. In the weak cases syncopation always takes place except in the forms uksánas and výsanas. C. A number of -an stems have supplementary forms from other stems: akşán- from ákşi-; asthán- from ásthi-; áhan- from áhas- and áhar-; asán- from āsyà-, ás-, and āsá-; udán- from úd- and uda-ká-; údhan- from údhas- and údhar-; dadhán- from dádhi-; dosán- from dés-; yakán- from yákṛt-; yósan- from yóṣaṇā- and yóṣā-; šákan- from šákṛt-; sakthán- from sákthi. As no stem in -an has been found in the N. A. sing. ., such forms appear to have been avoided and to have been purposely replaced by forms from supplementary stems. These forms are the N. A. n. ákşi, ásthi (AV.), áhar, asyàm, udakám, udhar, yákrt (AV.), śákṛt, sákthi; also yúvat instead of *yúva, as well as siras and sirsá-m (AV.) in- stead of *širşá ². 204 d. There are here several transitions to the a-declension. The A. sing. puşáṇ-am is the starting point for the N. pusán-a-s and the G. pusaná-sya-³. The N. A. pl. n. is the starting point in other instances: the two pl. forms srsa and sirsani give rise to the L. sing. Sīrsé (AV.) beside śīrṣáni, as well as to the du. N. A. Šīrse and the N. A. sing. śrsa-m (AV.); similarly the two plurals áha and áhāni led to the G. pl. áhänām beside áhnām; and yuşáni, the pl. of yuşán-, which has the appearance of a pl. of a stem yuşá, led to the formation of an I. sing. yuséṇa (TS.) beside the regular yuṣṇā (VS.). Again, the weak forms áśn-as, ahn-ás etc., gave rise to the transition stems áśna- and áhna-, from which are formed the I. pl. áśnais and the L. sing. pūrvāhņé. Transition a-stems often take the place of -an stems at the end of compounds. Thus -aksá- appears in several compounds for -akşán-, and -vrsá- (AV.) for -výsan-; an- asthán- once forms the N. sing. m. an-asthá-s (VIII. 134); beside the N. sing. m. bṛhád-ukṣā appears the D. byhád-ukṣāya (VS.); beside rájanam is found the A. m. adhi-rājá-m (x. 1289) 'over-lord'; and beside saptábhis 'seven', the compound tri-saptáis 4. Inflexion. 327. The normal forms, if made from rájan- 'king' in the m., and from áhan- 'day' in the n., would be as follows: I. m. Sing. N. rájā. A. rájānam. I. rájña. D. rájie. Ab. rájñas. G. rájnas. L. rájani and rájan. V. rajan. Du. N. A. rājānā and rájānau. I. rajabhyām. D. rájabhyām. G. rájños. Pl. N. V. rájānas. A. rájñas. I. rájabhis. D. rájabhyas. Ab. rájabhyas (AV.). G. rájñām. L. rájasu. 2. n. Sing. N. A. 5. I. áhna. D. áhne. áhan. Du. N. A. áhani. G. áhnos (AV.). D. Ab. áhabhyas. G. áhnam. L. áhasu. — — - Ab. G. áhnas. L. áhani and Pl. N. A. áhani. I. áhabhis. The forms actually occurring are the following: Sing. N. m. an-asthá 'boneless', dyaḥ-sirsa 'iron-headed', a-sirsá 'head- less', ukṣá 'bull', rji-śvā N. of a man, tákṣā ‘carpenter', tápur-mūrdhā 'burning- headed', try-udha 'three-uddered', dvi-bárha-jma7 'having a double course', pári-jmā 'surrounding', pūsá 'Pūșan’, plīhá (VS.) 'spleen', brhád-ukṣā ‘having great oxen', majjá (VS. AV.) ‘marrow', matarí-śva ‘Matariśvan', mūrdhá ‘heaď, yúva 'youth', rajā ‘king', ví-bhvā ‘far-reaching', vi-rájā (TS. v. 7. 44) ‘sovereign', výsa 'bull', svá 'dog', sahásra-sirsa 'thousand-headed'. 'queen', sóma-raj-i- 'having Soma as king', 3 With shifted accent. hatá-vrsn-i- 'whose lord has been slain', rúru- 4 On the other hand there are two trans- Sirsnī- 'deer-headed', saptá-Sīrṣn-i- 'seven-itions from the a-declension to the an-de- headed', éka-mūrdhn-i- (AV.) 'having the clension in ní-kāmabhis beside ní-kāmais and head turned in one direction', sindhu-rājñ-i- naktá-bhis for náktam, but these forms are (AV.) having Sindhu as queen'. due to somewhat artificial conditions; see below, I. pl. p. 206, notes 3 and 4. metrically required in a few instances: see LANMAN 525. 5 Only supplementary forms occur: see LANMAN 530 (bottom). 2 The N. sing. n. of the adj. vşan- is avoided in several ways: see LANMAN 530 (bottom). 6 The metre seems to require try-udha (111, 56³). 7 Here bárha- bárhas-. I
 * The restoration of the a seems to be