Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/207

 VI. DECLENSION. NOUNS. CONSONANT STEMS. 197 'put in order'; trd- 'pierce', mrd 'crush'. Of these roots only seven occur as monosyllabic substantives: nid- 'contempt', bhid- 'destroyer', vid- 'knowledge', úd- ‘wave', múd- ‘joy', mrd- 'clay', being f., and pád- 'foot', m. There is also the monosyllabic n. hyd- 'heart' ². Strong and weak forms are not distinguished except in pád-; and the inflexion is the same in all genders except, of course, the N. A. n. du. and pl. á. The following pecularities or irregularities of this declension are to be noted. 1. The weak reduplicated present stem dád- of dā- ‘give', is once treated as a root in the form ayur-dád-am (AV.) 'giving long life'. - z. The vowel of mád- is lengthened in sadha-mád- 'drinking companion', and soma-mád- 'intoxicated with Soma', of both of which, however, only strong cases occur. The vowel of pád- is lengthened not only in the strong cases, but occasionally in others also: dvipắt, N. sing. n., beside dvipát, D. dvipá de 3, L. pl. dvipatsu, while the N. pl. m. is once dvipádas (AV.). 3. The euphonic combination is irregular in the I. pl. of pád- which is padbhís4 beside the Ab. du. pad- bhyám. 4. The stem hrd- is found in weak cases only. Its place is taken in the N. A. sing. pl. by hyd-aya-, which is also used in other cases (hŕdayat, hýdaye, hýdayeşu), though in the RV. almost entirely in late passages. 5. There are a few transitions to the a-declension in the inflexion of these stems. Starting from the strong A. pâd-am are formed the N. sing. páda-s and the N. pl. pádās, both in late passages of the RV.6. Similarly, starting from the A. sadha-mád-am are formed the locatives sadha-made and sadha-madeşu. Beside nid-ás, the ordinary Ab. of nid-, the form nídāyās occurs once. Inflexion. 319. The inflexion of these stems is identical with that of the radical -t stems. The forms actually occurring, if made from pád- 'foot', and -vid- m. f. n. 'finding', would be as follows: Sing. N. pát, -vít. — A. pádam, -vidam. - n. -vít. I. padá, -vidā. D. padé, -víde. – Ab. padás, -vidas. G. padás, -vidas. - L. padi, -vidi. V. (sárva)-vit. Du. N. A. V. páda, m. f. -vidā. — I. padbhyám. - Ab. padbhyám. - G. padós. — L. padós. - Pl. N. pádas, m. f. -vidas. — A. padás, m. f. -vidas. I. padbhís (AV.), -vidbhis. - D. -vidbhyas. G. padám, -vídām. - L. patsú, -vítsu. a. The forms actually occurring are the following: Sing. N. m. 1. with lengthened vowel: pád- with its compounds and sadha-mád-: pát (AV.); a-pát, éka-pat, éka-siti-pät (VS. xxIx. 58) 'having one white foot', cátuṣ-pāt, tri-pát, dvi-pắt and dví-pāt (AV.), višvátas-pāt, šiti-pát (AV.), sárva-pāt (AV.), sahásra-pat; sadha-mắt (1v. 21¹) and the abnormal sadha-más7 (VII. 187). - - 2. with unchanged vowel, being compounds ending in various roots: from ad-: agdhát (TS. III. 3, 8²), karambhát, kravyát, visvát, havyát; from chad-: prathama-cchát8; from pad- : anu-pát (VS. xv. 8) 'coming to pass'; from chid- ukha-cchit; from bhid-: adri-bhít, ud-bhit, gotra-bhít, pur-bhit; from vid-: á-ksetra-vit, aśva-vít, kratu-vít, kṣetra-vít, gatu-vit, go-vít, dravino-vit, Compounds formed with vid and -sad are the commonest. 2 The strong form of this word, hard-, appears in composition with dus- and su-. Another word for 'heart', śrád- (Lat. cord-) n. occurs only in the A. sing. with the verbs ky- and dhà-. 3 The lengthening here is, however, metrical. - 4 Owing to the confusing influence of the I. pl. padbhis from páš 'look'. 5 Its high grade form -hārd occurs in the N. sing. m. 6 Probably also the A. sing. m. páñca- padam; see LANMAN 471². 7 See above 55. 8 'appearing first', 'typical' (x.81¹); accord- ing to Sāyaṇa from chad- 'cover' = ='covering first'.