Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/187

 V. COMPOUNDS. SYNTACTICAL COMPOUNDS. agni (going to Agni'), N. of man, tarád-dveşas- 'overcoming foes', drāvayát- sakha- 'speeding the comrade', dharayát-kavi- 'supporting the wise' and dhārayát-kṣiti-3 'supporting men', bharád-vaja- ('carrying off the prize') m., N. of a man, and a-bharád-vasu-4 'bringing wealth', mamhayád-rayi- 5 'lavishing wealth', mandád-vira-6 'gladdening men', *vidád-asva-7 'possessing steeds', vidád-vasu-³ ‘winning wealth', śrāvayát-pati- 'making his lord famous', and śrävayát-sakhi-9 ‘making his friend famous', sanád-rayi- 'bestowing possessions' and sanád-vāja-*º 'bestowing booty', sādád-yoni-¹ ‘sitting in one's place', sprhayád- varna-¹2 'striving after lustre'. Two such governing compounds are once com- bined in such a way that the final member common to both is dropped in the first: patayán mandayát-sakham (1. 47) 'causing his friend to fly (patáya-) and to be glad (mandáya-)¹³. c. In the third type, which goes back to the Indo-European period ¹4, the first member is a noun of action variously accented. There are some half-dozen examples in the RV.: dati-vara- 'giving treasures', pústi-gu- ('rearing kine') m., N. of a man, rīty-ap-s 'causing waters to flow', vīti-radhas- 'enjoying the oblation', viti-hotra-'enjoying the sacrifice', vrsti-dyīv- ‘causing the sky to rain' ¹6. 6. Syntactical Compounds. 293. There are some irregular formations in which words not in coordi- nate, attributive, dependent or governing relation are compounded owing to constant juxtaposition in the sentence. I. 1. The relative word yát (abl.) 'in so far as' is compounded with a superlative in RV. m. 53²¹: utíbhiḥ ... yac-chresthábhiḥ¹7 'with the best possible aids', lit. 'with aids in so far as (they are) the best. The adverb yād-rādhyam (II. 388) as quickly as possibie', lit. 'in so far as possible', is analogous. 2. The initial words of a text begin to be compounded in the later Samhitās as a designation of that text; thus ye-yajāmahá- (VS.) in the nom. pl. m. means the text beginning with the words yé yájāmahe ¹8. 18 177 3. Phrases, almost always consisting of two words, used in connexion with certain actions are compounded; thus aham-uttará-¹9 (AV.) 'dispute for precedence', from the phrase used by each disputant ahám úttarah 'I (am) higher'; mama-satyéşu 'in disputes as to ownership', in which every one says máma satyám (it is) certainly mine'; mam-paśyá- (AV.) as the name of a plant used by a woman to secure the love of a man with the words mám pasya 'look at me'20. Similarly in connexion with persons, as kuvit-sa- 'some I From tára-ti 'overcomes'. 2 From drāváya- causative of dru- 'run'. 3 From dharáya- causative of dhr- 'sup port'. 4 From bhára-ti 'bears'. 5 From mamháya- causative of mamh- be great'. 6 From mánda-ti 'gladdens'. The SV. has the wrong variant vandád-vira-. 7 To be inferred from the patronymic váidadašvi-. 8 From vidá-ti 'finds'. 9 From śrāváya- causative of śru- 'hear'. 1⁰ From sána-ti or saná-ti 'wins'. 11 Lengthened for sadád- from sáda-ti 'sits'. 12 From sprhaya-ti .‘desires'. 13 On the doubtful examples arcád-dhuma-, krtád-vasu, pratád-vasu, bhuvad vásuḥ (VIII. 1937), vyşad-anji- (voc.) see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 319 note. Indo-arische Philologie. I, 4. 1 14 See WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 320 (bottom). 15 This is the only example recognized by BR. as belonging to this type; GRASS- MANN explains them all as Bahuvrihis. 16 BRUGMANN, IF. 18, 70 f., explains these compounds as having originated in impera- tives, while JACOBI, Compositum und Neben- satz p. 64 f., thinks the first member re- presents an original 3. pers. sing. ¹7 In AV. VII. 311 yavac-chresthábhis is a corrupt variant. Compounds formed with yavat do not otherwise occur till the Sūtras. as a 18 In the TS. also occurs idám-madhu- m. designation of the text idám evá sāraghám mádhu. This kind of compound becomes common in the ancillary literature when particular hymns are referred to. 19 Used in the locative only. 20 One or two doubtful examples are dis- cussed by WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 327 (top). 12