Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/179

 V. COMPOUNDS. DETERMINATIVES. 169 a. These compounds in -páti- are treated by the Pada text in three different ways: I. gnáspáti-, bŕhaspáti-, vánaspáti-, vispáti- (and vispálni-) appear as simple words; 2. gnáḥ- páini-, jáh-páti-, sáci-páti-, rta-pate (voc.), radhas-pate (voc.), and those with a single accent (except višpáti) as compounds separated by the Avagraha sign; 3. all other doubly accented compounds (e. g. bráhmaṇas-páti-) as two separate words; even ráthas-pátis is written ráthaḥ | pátiḥ | as if ráthaḥ were a nom. sing. I 2 a. Otherwise the genitive ending appears only two or three times in the RV. in Proper Names: divo-däsa- 'Servant of heaven' (?), śúnaḥ-sépa- 'Dog's tail', and (with gen. pl.) nára-śámsa- (for *nárām-śámsa-) 3 'Praise of men', an epithet of Agni. The VS. has also rayas-posa- 'increase of wealth' in rāyas-poṣa-dá- 'bestowing increase of wealth' and rāyas-poṣa-váni- ‘procuring increase of wealth'. b. Other case-endings are very rare in such determinatives. The locative appears in svapne-dusvapnyá- (AV.) ‘evil dreaming in sleep'4; the instrumental in vācá-stena- ‘thief by speech', 'one who makes mischief by his words'; the dative in dasyave-vṛka- (voc.) 'Wolf to the Dasyu', N. of a man; and possibly dásyave sáhah (1. 36¹8) may be meant as a name with double accent. 281. In a few instances the first member is a substantive used appo- sitionally to express sex or composite nature: purusa-mrgá- (VS.) 'male antelope'; úlüka-yatu- 'owl demon' (= demon in form of an owl), śusulika- yatu- 'owlet demon'; purusa-vyāghrá- 'man-tiger', a kind of demon, vṛṣá- kapi- 'man-ape'. 282. An adjective may appear as first member determining the sense of the following substantive. This type, which is called Karmadhāraya by the Indian grammarians, is uncommon in the Samhitãs. Among the oldest are candrá-măs-5 '(bright) moon' and purná-mas-a- (TS. III.4.4¹) 'full moon'. Besides these occur eka-vīrá- 'unique hero', krsna-sakuni- (AV.) 'raven'7, nava-jvārá- 'new pain', maha-grāmá- 'great hosť, mahā-dhand- 'great booty', maha-virá- 'great hero's, sapta-rsáyas 'the Seven Seers', N. of a group of ancient sages (beside the separate words saptá sayaḥ and sayaḥ saptá in Books I-IX), sapta-grdhráḥ (AV.) 'the seven vultures'⁹. a. A variety of Karmadhāraya is that in which the first member expresses a part of the last: adhara-kanthá- (VS.) 'lower part of the neck', ardha-devá- 10 'demi-god', ardha-masá- (AV. VS.) 'half-month', madhyám-dina- 'midday'; also with change of gender: agra-jihvá- (VS.) n. 'tip of the tongue (jihvá-)'; with the suffix -a: ardha-rc-á- (AV. VS.) ‘hemistich', pūrvahn-á- 'forenoon'". 283. Prepositions frequently occur as first member, all except prá in their ordinary adverbial senses. Those which are thus used in the RV. I See WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 241 (97 a a, note). 2 This name occurs once with tmesis, súnaš cic chépam (v. 27). 3 Cp. naram ná sámsa- (1. 1739 etc.) and śámso narám (VI. 242); see WACKERNAGEL 21, p. 248 d, note. 4 hradé-caksus 'mirrored in the lake' is regarded by GELDNER (VS. 1, 173) as a Tat- puruşa 'eye in the lake'. For one or two doubtful examples of locative pl. see WACKER- NAGEL 2¹, p. 249 (bottom). 5 That this is a very old combination is shown by the fact that más- 'moon' occurs almost exclusively in compounds (súrya-másā and purná-mās, SB.), only two or three times alone (though often in the sense of 'month'), and is therefore obsolescent in the RV. 6 In the later Samhitãs candrá- comes to - mean 'moon' as an abbreviation of candrá- mās-. 7 With change of meaning from black bird'. 8 In K. appears the dative višva-devāya, the expression viive devaḥ having become a Karmadhāraya. 9 Translated by WHITNEY (AV. VIII. 9¹8) as a Bahuvrīhi, 'seven-vultured'. 10 ardhá half' is here used in a figurative sense. ¹¹ pitā-mahá- (AV. TS. VS.) and tata-mahá- (AV.) ‘grandfather' and prá-pitamaha- (VS. TS.) and pra-tatamaha- (AV.) great grand- father' (only voc.) are probably not Karma- dharayas, but formed in imitation of mahā- mahá- which appeared to be a gradation of mahánt-; cp. WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 255, note.