Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/176

 166 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. four in -im (agnim- etc.), one in -um (makṣum-), and two pronominal accusatives in -ām (mām-, tvām-). Polysyllabic consonant stems never have the accusative case-ending in the first member ¹. 276. The locative case-ending is in the RV. almost limited to em- ployment before agent-nouns formed from the simple root with or without determinative -t: agre-gá- 'going before', agre-gi- (VS.) 'moving forwards', agre-ni- (VS.) 'leader', agre-pá- 'drinking first', agre-pú- (VS.) 'drinking first', ange-stha-² (AV.) 'situated in a inember of the body', ṛte-já-³ 'produced at the sacrifice', krcchre-śri-t- 'running into danger', gahvare-şthá- (VS.) ‘being at the bottom', divi-ksi-t- 'dwelling in heaven', divi-yáj- 'worshipping in heaven', divi-śrí-t (AV.) 'sojourning in heaven', divi-sád- (AV.) 'sitting in heaven', dure-dis visible afar, dosani-śris- (AV.) 'leaning on the arm', rathe-súbh- 'flying along in a car', rathe-sthá- 'standing in a car', vane-ráj- 'shining in a wood', vane-sáh- 'prevailing in woods', sute-grbh- 'taking hold of the Soma', hrdi-spŕs 'touching the heart' 4. 2. The RV. has only two examples of a locative before an agent noun formed with the suffix -a: divi-kṣayá- ‘dwelling in heaven', vahye-sayá- ‘resting in a litter'5. There are several others in the later Samhitas: agre-vadhá- (VS.) 'killing what is in front', talpe-sayá- (AV.) ‘resting on a couch', divi-cará- (AV.) 'faring in heaven', divi-stambhá- (AV.) 'supported on the sky', dūre-vadhá- (VS.) 'far-striking', harā-śayá-6 (MS. 1. 27) 'resting in gold'. In the AV. also occurs an example of the locative before an agent noun formed with -in: parame-sth-in- 'standing in the highest (place)'. 3. The locative plural is much rarer than the singular in the first member: apsu-kṣi-t- ‘dwelling in the waters', apsu-jä- born in the waters', apsu-ji-t- 'van- quishing in the waters', apsu-sád- 'dwelling in the waters', apsu-váh- (SV.) 'driving in water', apsú-samsita- (AV.) ‘excited in the waters', gosu-yudh- 'fighting in (= for) kine', prtsu-túr- 'conquering in battles', bhareşu-ja- 'pro- duced in fights', hrtsv-ás- 'piercing to the heart'. a. In these locative compounds the second member is most commonly -stha- or -sthā- in the RV., while the first member is most usually agre-, dūre. or vane-. The locative in -e is the predominant one, even displacing-i in pathe-sthắ- 'standing on the road' beside pathi-sthắ- (AV.). 277. The instrumental case-ending occurs several times in the first member of verbal determinatives: kṣama-cará- (VS.) ‘being in the ground', gira-vŕdh- 'rejoicing in song', dhiyä-júr- 'aging in devotion', yuvá-datta- "given by you two', yuva-nita- "led by you two', yuşma-datta- ‘given by you', yuşmá- nita- 'led by you', súneșita- 'driven by dogs' (súnā). When the stem of the first member ends in a there is some doubt whether - here represents the instrumental ending or lengthening of the vowel7; thus saphā-rúj- may mean 'breaking with the hoof' or 'hoof-breaker"; and in yuvā-yúj- 'yoked by you two' the vowel may be simply lengthened. In divā-kará- (AV.) ‘sun' the first member is an old instrumental used adverbially³. a. The examples of the ablative case-ending are rare: dakṣiṇāt-sád- 2 There are several other locatives com- pounded with -sṭhā-. I akan- substitutes the acc. of an a-stem; 5 In suté-kara- 'active in (offering) Soma', above p. 165, note 7. the accent shows that the final member has an adjectival, not a verbal sense. In the name matari-svan- the first member is inter- preted in RV. III. 29¹¹ as a locative; cp. RICHTER, IF. 9, 247, note; MACDONELL, Grundriss III. IA, p. 72 (middle). 3 There are several other locatives com- pounded with -ja-. 4 In nare-şthắ- (RV¹.), an epithet of the car, the first member may be a locative (Sāyaṇa), but it may also be a dative of ný- (BR., GRASSMANN), serving for a man to 6 In VS. v. 8 hari-sayá; hara- here is the locative of hári-. stand on'. 7 Cp. WACKERNAGEL 2¹, 56. 8 See WACKERNAGEL 2¹, 213 a, note.