Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/175

 V. COMPOUNDS. DETERMINATIVES. (AV.) 'looking fiercely'; or of a predicative accusative, e. g. ayakṣmam-káraṇa- (AV.) 'producing health', śrtam-kartý- (TS. III. 1. 44) 'making cooked'. The acc. pl. occurs in ka-cit-kará- 'doing all manner of things', páśva-işti-² 'desiring kine', vipas-cit- 'understanding eloquence', vipo-dhá- 'granting eloquence', huras- cit-3 'intending evil'4. a. The accusative form is commonest before agent nouns ending in -a or - which begin with a single consonant and the first syllable of which is short; that is, them here appears in a syllable in which rhythmic lengthening would be allowed 5. This accusative form is the regular rule in the RV. when the stem of the first member ends in -a, being found before -kara- 'making', -caya- 'collecting', -jaya- 'conquering', -tara- 'overcoming', -dara- 'cleaving', -bhara- 'bearing', ruja- 'breaking', -sani- 'winning', -saha- 'over- whelming'; e. g. abhayam-kará- 'procuring security'. The only exceptions to this rule in the RV. are aśva-hayá- 'urging on steeds', sukra-dúgha- 'emitting clear fluid'. In the RV. the ending -im also occurs in pusțim-bhará- 'bringing prosperity' and harim-bhará-6 bearing the yellow-coloured (bolt)'; and -um inorganically in makṣum-gamá- ‘going quickly'. In the later Samhitās also occur iram-madá- (VS.) 'rejoicing in the draught', duram-gamá- (VS.) 'going far', devam-gamá- (TS.) 'going to the gods', yudhim-gamá- (AV.) 'going to battle', višvam-bhará- (AV.) 'all-sustaining', sakam-bhará-7 (AV.) ‘bearing ordure'8 b. The accusative form in -am is not uncommon before a final member with initial vowel (coalescence of the two vowels being thus avoided); e. g. cakram-asajá- 'obstructing the wheel', visvam-invá- 'all-moving', ásvam-isti- 'desiring horses', vācam-īnkhayá- ‘word-moving', samudram-īnkhaya- (only voc.) 'stirring the vat', visvam-ejayá- 'all-exciting'; in -im: agnim-indhá- 'fire-kindler'; in -ām: tvám-ahuti- (TS.) 'offering oblations to thee'. 2 c. The accusative form is common when the final member is formed from a present stem, owing to the close connexion of such verbal nouns with the verb; e. g. dhiyam-jinvá- 'exciting meditation', ugram-paśyá- (AV.) 'looking fiercely', mam-paśyá- (AV.) '‘looking at me'. d. Apart from the conditions stated above (a, b, c) the accusative case- ending rarely occurs in the first member of verbal determinatives; e. g. vanam-káraṇa-, a particular part of the body; dhiyam-dhá- 'devout', śubham- yá-(van)- 'moving in brilliance'⁹. a. In the great majority of instances the first member, if it has the accusative case-form, ends in -am, mostly from stems in -a, but also from monosyllabic consonant stems (pur-am- etc.) ¹⁰, and from one stem in -ī (dhiy-am-). Otherwise there are three or 2 pašvás acc. pl. 3 Here huras might be a genitive as Vcit- governs that case as well as the acc. 165 represents IE. petn-; while in puram-dhi- | nation of nam-cayá- and rna-cit- 'paying a 'fertile woman' and vŕşan-dhi- bold', the debt', khajam-kará- and khaja-kŕt- 'causing origin of the nasal is doubtful; cp. WACKER- the din of battle', dhanam-jayá and dhana- NAGEL 2¹, p. 202. ji-t- 'winning booty', janam-sahá- 'overcoming In B. this predicative accusative some-beings' and vrata-sāhá- 'conquering crowds'. times comes to have the value of a predi- 6 Beside kavi-vrydhá- 'prospering the wise'. cative nominative when compounded with a 7 Here the acc. of an a-stem is substituted gerundive or a derivative of bhu-, as śrtam- for sakán-. kŕtya- (TS.) to be made cooked', nagnam- bhavuka- (TS.) 'becoming naked'. 8 The compound narám-dhisa- (VS.) is of doubtful meaning and irregular accent. 9 For several other examples occurring in Brāhmaṇa passages of the later Samhitās see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 207 d, e. ¹0 In hyd-am-sáni- ‘winning the heart' the neuter hyd- is treated as if it were a masc. or fem. 4 puro-há 'destroying forts' may contain an acc.; also işa-stut- praise of prosperity', which the Pada analyses as iṣaḥ-stút. 5 How much the use of these forms is dependent on rhythm is seen in the alter-