Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/171

 V. Compounds. Determinatives. i6i

4. the fourth class or passive with -ya: akrsta-pacyd-'^ (AV. VS. TS.) 'ripening in unploughed ground', a-pasyd- 'not seeing', ugram-pasyd- (AV.) ^'fierce-looking', mam-pasyd- (AV.) 'looking at me', adhi-pasya- (AV. Paipp.) '^superintendent', punar-manyd- 'remembering' {mdnya-te 'thinks'), d-risanya- 'not failing' {risanyd-ti), bala-vi-jnayd- 'recognized by his strength', a-vi-dasyd- 'not ceasing' {vi dasyanti 'they cease'), a-vi-driyd- 'not bursting' {dr- 'split').

5. stems with -ay a-, vacam-mkhayd- 'stirring the voice', samudram-lhkhaya- (only voc.) ^'stirring the vat' {inkhdya-nii 'they shake'), visvam-ejaya- (only voc.) ^x<^ring air {ejdya-ti 'sets in motion)', ati-parayd- 'putting across'. 6. the

-ti

_ _ - .. „ 'reaching to the mouth' ^ {dagh-nu-yat

'may reach', K.), dura-dabhnd- (AV.) 'eluding doors' = 'not to be kept by bars and bolts' (dabhnuv-anti 'they deceive'), danu-pinvd- 'swelling with drops' {pinv-and- 'swelling'), sada-prnd- 'always giving' {prnA-ti 'fills', 'bestows'), a-mind-i (beside d-minant-) 'undiminishing' {mind-ti 'diminishes'), pra-mrnd- 'destroying' {pra-mrndnt- 'crushing', prd mrna 'destroy'), a-sinvd-'' (beside d-sinvani-) 'insatiable', a-sunv-d- 'not pressing Soma' (beside d-sunv-ant-),

7. the sixth and seventh classes: agnim-indhd- 'fire-kindling' {indh-dte 'they kindle'), pra-krntd- (TS.iv.5.3') and vi-krntd- (VS.) 'cutting to pieces' {krntd-ti 'cuts'), bhumi-drmhd- (AV.) 'firmly fixed on the ground' (dfmha-ta 'make firm'), ni-linipd- (AV.) a kind of supernatural being («/ limpami 'I besmear', AV.).

8. the root class: vrdtya-bruvd- (AV.) 'calling himself a Vratya' {bruv-dnii 'they say'). 9. the reduplicating class: anu-jighrd- (AV.) 'snuffing at' {jighranti 'smelling'), sam-pibd- (AV.) 'swallowing down' {sdm pibami, AV.) 5.

a. In a few instances verbal nouns which are final members of compounds in the RV. or the later Samhitas subsequently appear as independent words. Thus jata-vidya- 'knowledge of things', vidya- (AV. TS.) 'knowledge' 6. On the other hand, verbal nouns derived from roots without suffix, which in the RV. appear both as independent words and as final members of compounds, often^ survive in the later Samhitas in their com- pound form only; such are tier- 'racing', da- 'giver', sii- m. 'begetter', f. 'mother', siha- 'standing'. As a rule verbal nouns which occur independently have the same general meaning as when they form the final member of a compound. But those formed without any suffix generally, and those formed with -a occasionally, have the sense of agent nouns at the end of compounds, but of action nouns or of designations of things con- ceiv " - • ■ - ■ - . - - -

fiva-

Mara- 'bringing prosperity'. Sometimes the simple word has the meaning of an agent noun as well as Of an action noun; e. g. dfs- adj. 'seeing' and f. 'act of seeing'; bhiij- adj. 'enjoying' and f. 'enjoyment'; siubk- adj. 'shouting' and f. 'shout'; but at the end of a compound these three words express the agent only. Similarly grabh-a- m. 'seizer' (AV.) and 'grasp', but grava-grabh-d- 'handling the Soma stones'^.

273. Independent verbal nouns. — Several kinds of verbal nouns which are also capable of independent use occur as final member of compounds. Among these the only ones of frequent occurrence are those in -ta which are adjectives (often used as substantives) and the corresponding abstract

1 Wackernagel 21, p. 179 (bottom), refutes the view that this -ya is identical with that of the gerundive.

2 -daghna- forms the last member of several other compounds in the later Sam- hitas. See Wackernagel 21, p. 181.

3 Cp. Wackernagel 21, p. 181, note.

4 From a lost root *si-nd-ti 'satisfies'.

ace. f. 'life-giving' (beside dyur-da-, AV. VS. TS.): ddd-ati 'they give'.

6 For examples of verbal nouns which assume an independent character in the later language, see Wackernagel 21, 77 a.

7 On the origin of these verbal compounds and the relation of the final member to the independent word, see Wackernagel 2',

5 There is also a transition form (leading 78 b and note (p. 186 f.). to the later -dada-) in ayitr-ddd-am (AV.) |

Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4,.