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 1 V. COMPOUNDS. ITERATIVES. COPULATIVES. I. Iteratives. COLLITZ, Transactions of the Oriental Congress of Berlin 2², 287 ff. DELBRÜCK, Vergleichende Syntax, Dritter Theil (1900), p. 141-153: Iterativcomposita. WACKER- NAGEL 2¹, p. 142-148. 258. The repetition of an inflected form with loss of accent in the second word is very frequent in the RV. Such repetitions are treated in the Pada texts as compounds the members being separated by the Avagraha. The word thus repeated is generally a substantive and iteration is expressed chiefly in regard to time or distribution in regard to space; e. g. áhar-ahar, divé- dive, dyávi-dyavi 'every day'; grhé-grhe, dáme-dame, visé-više in every house'; diśó-diśaḥ (AV.) 'from every quarter'. Substantives are also thus repeated to express frequency or constant succession in other matters: sátroh-satroḥ of every foe'; ánnam-annam (AV.) 'food in perpetuity'; agním-agnim vaḥ samídhā duvasyata (VI. 15°) "worship Agni again and again with your fuel', yajñásya- yajñasya 'of every sacrifice' (x. 15), ángād-angat 'from every limb' (x. 1636), párvani-parvani 'in every joint' (x. 1636). Adjectives repeated in this way are less common; e. g. pányam-panyam á dhavata .. sómam (VIII. 225) 'cleanse Soma who is again and again to be praised; prácīm-prācīm pradiśam (AV. XII. 37) 'each forward (eastern) direction'; úttarām-uttarām sámām (AV. XII. 133) each following year', 'year after year' 2. 155 - a. The repeated word was originally used in the singular only. But the plural meaning of this repetition led to the beginnings of plural forms, as ékam-ekā šatá daduḥ (v. 52¹7) 'they have given a hundred each' (lit. hundreds, each one'). But a word thus iterated seems never to be in the plural except in agreement with a plural. b. The frequency of -e as locative of a-stems led to the occasional use of the dative in consonant stems; div-é-div-e (for *div-í-div-i) and viš-é-vis-e (for *vis-i-viš-i). c. The transition from iteratives to regular compounds, which appears in B., began with numerals. Thus the éka-ekaḥ of the RV. (III. 29¹5) appears in the SB. as ékaika-; and from the dvá-dva of the RV. (VIII. 6814) we come to the adverbial dvan-dvám in pairs' in the MS., and finally to dvandvá- 'pair' in the TS. (B). d. Adjective compounds in which a word is repeated for emphasis are unconnected with iteratives, differing from them both in sense and accent; thus maha-mahá- "mightily great'; esaisi f. of *esaisá- (= eșa-eşá-) 'very speedy' 3. Whether cara-cará- and calá-calá- 'moveable' belong to this group is somewhat uncertain. — 2. Copulative Compounds. REUTER, Die altindischen nominalcomposita, KZ. 31, 172-87: I. Copulative compo- sita. DELBRÜCK, Altindische Syntax 31.. RICHTER, Die unechten Nominalkomposita des Altindischen und Altiranischen: IF. 9, 23 ff. WACKERNAGEL 2¹, 62-74 (p. 149–173). WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 1252-61. 1 A vocative repeated to express em- phasis is not treated in the same way: in áranyany áranyāni (x. 1461) both voca- tives are accented, the second being as emphatic as the first. 259. Classification of Dvandvas.- This class consists of compounds consisting of two substantives, far less commonly adjectives, the syntactical relation of which in the sentence is the same and which may be regarded as connected in sense by 'and'. The successive stages in the development of this class can be closely traced from the beginning in the Samhitās. 1. First we have in the RV. the most numerous group (about three-fourths 2 The only repetition of a verbal form in this way is piba-piba (II. 111¹) ‘drink again and again'; cp. above 88. 3 According to GELDNER, VS. 2, 15 the form esaisyà (RV) is the inst. sing. of eşaisi- f. of *esaisá-; but according to BR. and GRASSMANN it is neut. pl. of eşaişyà- (=esa-esyà-) to be striven for with desire', desirable'.