Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/146

 4 136 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. men', bahu-páyya- 'protecting many'; pūrva-páyya- 'first drink', mahay-áyya- 'enjoyment', kunda-páyya- and puru-máyya- as Proper Names; also formed from nouns, ras-áyya- 'tasteful' (rása- 'sap') and uttam-áyya- n. 'summit' (uttamá- 'highest') ¹. 197. The suffix - forms a few patronymics from nouns in -a with Vrddhi in the initial syllable: agnives-i- 'descendant of Agniveśa’, páurukuts-i- 'son of Purukutsa', prátardan-i- 'descendant of Pratardana', práhrad-i- (AV.) 'son of Prahrada, sámvaran-i- 'descendant of Samvarana'. Similarly formed, but with the sense of an ordinary substantive, is sárath-i- 'charioteer' (from sa-rátha-m 'on the same chariot'). Two other words add a secondary -i without Vṛddhi or patronymic sense: tápus-i- 'burning' and sucant-i-, N. of a man (seemingly an extension of the participle suc-ánt- 'shining') 198. Hundreds of adjectives are formed with the suffix -in from stems in -a, but very rarely from stems with any other final; e. g. ark-in- 'praising' (arká- 'praise'), manis-in- 'wise' (manī-șá- 'wisdom'), arc-in- 'radiant' (arcí- 'beam'), śatagv-in- 'consisting of hundreds' (*sata-gva-), varm-in- 'clad in armour' (várman-), śvan-in- (VS.) 'keeping dogs' (sván-). With loss of final -as: ret-in- 'abounding in seed' (rétas-) and perhaps in the Proper Name varc-in- (várc-as- 'power'); with loss of -ya: hiran-in- 'adorned with gold' (hiran-ya-). 199. The suffix -ima is very rare, being employed to form adjectives from the stems in tra and from one in -ra: krtr-ima- 'artificial', khanítr-ima- 'made by digging', putr-ima- (AV.) 'purified'; agrimá- 'foremost' (ág-ra- 'front'). 200. The suffix -iya is employed to form some 20 adjectives (from stems in -a). It is only a modified form of ya which is added for facility of pronunciation after two or more consonants, the last of which is generally r, rarely n, m or v; e. g. abhr-iyá- 'derived from the clouds' (abhrá-), samudr- iya- belonging to the sea' (samudrá)-, indr-iyá- belonging to Indra'; krsn-iyá-, N. of a man (krsná- 'black'); rgm-iya 'praiseworthy'; aśv-iyá- ‘con- sisting of horses', 'troop'. 201. The suffix - is employed in a very large number of derivatives to form the feminine of masculine stems; often from stems in -a²; e. g. árus-i- 'ruddy' (arusá-), dev-í- ‘goddess' (devá-); or in -u; e. g. prthv-í- 'broad' (prth-i-); or from stems formed with suffixes ending in consonants, as parti- ciples in -at or -ant, e. g. piprat-i- ,'protecting' (pr- ‘take across'), ad-at-i- 'eating' (ad-ánt-), mád-ant-i 'rejoicing' or in -váms-, e. g. jagm-is-i- 'having gone'; comparatives in -īyāms-, e. g. náv-iyas-i- 'new'; stems in -tar, e. g. avitr-í- 'protectress'; in -mant, e. g. dhenu-mát-i- 'abounding in nourishment'; in -vant, e. g. áma-vat-i- 'impetuous'; in -an, e. g. sóma-rājñ-- 'having Soma as king'; in -in, e. g. arkin-i- 'radiant'; in -añc, e. g. arvác-i- 'hitherward'; in compounds of -han 'slaying', e. g. a-pati-ghn-i- 'not killing a husband', of -drs- 'look', as su-disi- 'well-looking', and of -pád 'foot', as a-pád-ī- ‘footless'. 202. The suffix -ina forms more than a dozen adjectives from the weak stems of derivatives in -añc-, expressing direction without change of meaning; e. g. arväc-ina- and arvāc-iná- 'turned towards' (arvánc- 'hitherward'). It also forms six or seven adjectives from other words, expressing the general sense of relation; e. g. añjas-ina- 'straightforward' (añjasa- 'straight'), visvajan-ina- (AV.) 'containing all kinds of people'. I See WHITNEY 1218 a. formed with Vṛddhi in the initial syllable; 2 This is regularly the case in stems e. g. mánuş-a- 'human', f. mánuș-i-.