Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/144

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. (dā- 'give'), ślak-sná- (AV.) *smooth'; with connecting -a-: kar-á-sna- m. ‘fore- arm', mát-a-sna-, n. ‘lung', vadh-a-sná- n. ‘deadly weapon'. 134 -snu : agent. 189. This suffix, which is always accented, forms adjectives, being added with or without a connecting vowel to the simple root, or more usually with connecting to the causative stem. I. From the simple root: ji-snú- 'victorious', dank-ṣṇú- (VS.) ‘biting' (√ dams-), ni-șat-snú- 'sitting down'; vadh-a-snú- ‘murderous', vṛdh-a-snú- ‘joyous'; car-i-snú- 'wandering', á-mavisnu-¹ (x. 94¹¹) 'immovable (Vmu- = mīv-). 2. From the causative stem: tapay-i-snú- tormenting', namay-iṣṇú- 'bending', patay-i-snú- 'flying', paray-i-snú- 'saving', posay-i-snú- (AV.) 'causing to thrive', maday-i-snú- 'intoxicating', abhi-socay-i-ṣṇu- (AV.) ‘causing torments'. II. Secondary Nominal Derivation. LINDNER, Altindische Nominalbildung p. 114-52. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar P. 454-80. 190. Secondary nominal stems are those derived from stems already ending in a suffix. They, however, include derivatives from pronominal roots, as i-tara- 'other', and exceptionally from indeclinable words or case-forms, as antár-vant- 'pregnant' (antár 'within'), máma-ka- 'belonging to me' (máma 'of me)'. The stem to which secondary suffixes are added is subject to certain changes. Thus final -a and -i vowels are regularly dropped before suffixes beginning with a vowel or y, while final - generally takes Guna; thus aśv-in- 'possessing horses' (áśva-), khad-in- 'adorned with rings' (khādi-), vāyav-yà- 'relating to the wind' (vāyú-). Again, the n or the a of stems ending in -an is occasionally lost, e. g. vṛṣa-tvá- 'manly power', výsn-ya- 'manly' (but vŕsan-vant 'drawn by stallions'); while stems in -ant regularly appear in the weak form of -at, e. g. váivasvat-a- 'son of Vivásvant. The commonest change is, however, the strengthening of the initial syllable with Vṛddhi², e. g. amitrá- 'hostile' (a-mitra- 'enemy'), párthiv-a- 'relating to the earth' (prthivi-), maitrāvaruņá- ‘derived from Mitrá-váruna', sáubhaga- 'luck' (su- bhága- 'lucky'). As regards meaning, the great majority of secondary suffixes form adjectives with the general sense of 'relating to' or 'connected with'. In several, however, the meaning has become specific. Thus the suffixes -ayana, -i, -eya, form patronymics or metronymics; -in, -mant, -vant express possession; -tama and -tara imply degrees of comparison; -ta and -tva form abstract substantives. The masculines and feminines of adjectives are frequently used as appellatives, while the neuter is commonly employed as a substantive expressing the attributive sense of the adjective as an abstraction. a. The secondary suffixes are in their alphabetical order the following: -a, -ā, -ānī, āyana, āyī, āyya, -i, -in, -ima, -iya, -i, -ina, -īya, -enī, -enya, -eya, -eyya, -ka, -ta, -tana and -tna, -tama, -taya, -tara, -tavya, -tā, -tāt, -tāti, -tya, -tva, -tvata, -tvana, -tha, -na, -ni, -bha, -ma, mant, -maya, -min, -mna, -ya, -yin, -ra, -la, -va, vat, -van, -vant, -vaya, -vala, -vin, -vya, -sa. 1 Thus derived in pw.; in BR. emended | hand, extremely rare in secondary derivation, to á-marişnu- 'immortal'; in GRASSMANN ex- as devá-'divine' (div- ‘heaven'), dróna-‘wooden plained as áma-vişnu- mit Ungestüm an- vessel' (drú- 'wood'), bhesaj-á- 'medicine' dringend'. (bhişáj- 'healing'); cp. 191 a a. 2 Strengthening with Guna is, on the other