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I. Allgemeines und Sprache. 4. Vedic Grammar.

'bestowing', sdk-van- (VS.) 'able', su-t-van- 'pressing Soma'; substantives: m. ddh-van- 'road', dr-van- 'steed', grd-van- 'stone'; n. tug-van- 'ford', dkdn- van- 'bow' and 'desert', par-van- 'joint', snd-van-^ (AV. VS.) 'sinew'.

a. Several derivatives with -van are compounded with prepositions; thus ati-skdd- van- (VS.) 'transgressing', upa-hds-van- 'mocking', vi-vds-van- 'shining forth', vi-mfg-van- (AV.) 'cleansing', sam-bhf-t-van- (AV.) 'accumulating' 2.

-vana, -vani, -vanu : agent.

178. These rare suffixes are doubtless secondary forms of -van. They are all three accented: -vana and -vanu on the final, -vani on the first syllable. With -vana axe formed: vag-vand- 'talkative', sat-vand-, m. 'warrior' (beside sdt-van-), and from the reduplicated root suiuk-vand- 'shining' ( Ysuc^. The suffix -vani seems to be preferred for derivatives from the reduplicated root; thus besides tur-vdni- 'overcoming', bhur-vdni- 'restless', occur jujur- vdni- 'praising', tutur-vdni- 'desiring to gain', dadhrs-vdni- 'daring', susuk-vdni- 'shining' {Y^uc-); the obscure word arharisvdni- 'exultant' seems to be derived with this suffix from an irregularly reduplicated form of hrs- 'be excited'. With -vanu is formed only vag-vam'c- m. 'noise'.

-vara, -vala : action and agent.

179. This suffix makes a few masculine nouns (f -i) chiefly accented on the final syllable of the suffix, and a very few neuter substantives accented on the root. The masculines are: i-t-vard- 'going', is-vard- (AV.) 'able', phdr-vara- 'sower', vyadh-vard- (AV.) 'piercing'^ {Yvyadh-^. Neuter sub- stantives are: kdr-vara- 'deed', gdh-vara- (AV.) 'thicket'. There are also two feminines which have the appearance of being derived with this suffix, ur-vdra- 'field' and ur-vdri- (AV.) 'filament', but their origin is uncertain. This suffix appears with / instead of r in vid-vald- 'cunning'.

a. The f. of this suffix, -van, is used as the f. of adjectives in -van, with which it corresponds in accent and treatment of the radical syllable. There are about 25 of these feminines in the RV. ; c. g. ydj-van- 'pious', sf-i-varl- 'speeding' 4.

-vas : action and agent.

180. This very rare suffix forms only the neuter subtantive vdr-i-vas- 'wide space' (beside vdr-i-man-) and the adjectives fbh-vas- 'skilful' (beside fbk-va- and fbh-van-) and sik-vas- 'skilful' (beside slk-van-). The vocative kkid-vas (vi. 22+) 'oppressing' is probably from a perfect participle khid- vSms-^ formed without reduplication, not from a stem khid-vas-.

-vams : agent.

181. This suffix is used to form a large number of perfect participles active, being added with or without the connecting vowel -/-; e. g. cakr-vams- 'having done', fy-i-vatns- 'having gone'; sometimes without reduplication; e. g. vid-vdms- 'knowing'^- This suffix, which is always accented, is in the weak cases reduced to -us- before vowels 7.

1 On two or three doubtful derivatives with this suffix see Whitney 1169 b.

2 Several others are compounded with nouns; see Lindner p. 107.

3 According to the Pada text vi- adhvard:

4 See Whitney 1171 b; for such femi-

nines occurring in the AV. see his Index Verborum 375.

5 Cp. pw.; in BR. the stem is given as khid-Tian-. According to WHITNEY 1173 b, it is derived from khad-.

6 For the forms occurring see below 492.

7 See Declension, -vams stems, 347.