Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/139

 IV. Nominal Stem Formation. Primary Nominal Derivation.

129

b. In a few words diflference of gender and accent is not accompanied by difference of meaning: vdrs-man- n. and vars-man- m. both mean 'height'; sv&d-man- n. and svad- mdn- m. 'sweetness'; vdr-i-man- n. and var-i-man- m. 'expanse'.

c. In a few instances difference of accent is accompanied by a reversal of the usual distinction of meaning: 7V-OTa?2- 'victorious', y.?-;»fl«- (VS. TS.) 'superiority'; 6-man- m. 'friend', o-mdn- m. 'favour'.

d. A few derivatives in -man both action and agent nouns are compounded with prepositions: vi-ga-man- n. 'step', prd-bhar-man- n. 'presentation', prd-ya-man- n. 'de- parture', vi-dhar-man- m. 'maintainer', vi-pai-man-'^ 'flying through', dnu-v art-man- (AV.) 'following after', vi-sar-mdn-^ m. 'flowing asunder'.

-mdna : agent.

166. This suffix is used to form the present^, future, and aorist middle participle and the present passive participle*. It is always preceded by a except in the anomalous perfect participle sasr-mand- (= sasr-and-) 'speeding'.

-mi and -ml: action and agent.

167. The suffix -mi is used to form a few adjectives and masculine substantives; it also forms (generally in the form of -mt) a few feminine substantives with a concrete meaning: ur-mi- m. 'wave' {Vvr-^, -kur-mi- 'action' in tuvi-kur-mi- 'working mightily', j'a-mi- 'related', 'kinsman'; bhri-mi- and bhfi-mT- f. 'earth', laks-mi- f. 'sign', sur-mi- f. 'tube'; probably also ras-mi- m. 'ray' and the adj. krudh-mi-^ (RV'.) 'irascible'.

-min : agent.

168. A few adjectives have the appearance of being formed with a suffix -viin. They are is-min- 'impetuous', bha-min- 'shining', ius-min- 'roaring'. They may, however, be explained as secondary derivatives made with the suffix -in, like dhum-in- from dhumd- 'smoke'.

-ya : gerundive.

169. This suffix is used to form a large number of future participles passive^. It probably has a primary character in other derivatives besides these; but it is so difficult to distinguish them from those which are secondary, that it is preferable to treat all but gerundives under secondary -ya (228).

-yu : action and agent.

170. This suffix forms a few action and agent nouns. The root remains unchanged, while the accent varies. Action nouns are: man-yu- m. 'anger', mrt-yu- m. 'death'. Agent nouns are: dds-yu- m. 'enemy', druh-yu-, N. of a man ('hostile'), sim-yu- 'enemy'; bhuj-yi'i- both adj. 'wealthy' and m. as N. of a man. Adjectives only are: ydj-yu- 'pious', hindh-yu- 'pure', sdh-yu- 'strong'.

-ra : agent.

171. A large number of derivatives are formed with this suffix?, which is usually accented, the root consequently almost always appearing with a weak vowel. These words are mostly adjectives, but a few substantives occur in all genders. The suffix is frequently added with the connecting vowels -a-, -i-, -T-, -u-.

1 Or as a Bahuvrlhi 'having the flight of a bird' (ot-).

2 With unusual accent on the suffix in- stead of on the preposition.

3 In the a-conjugation.

4 See below under those tenses, 427, 435, 442, 447; 512, 538; and cp. Delbruck, Verbum 226; Lindner 72.

Indo-arische Fhilologie. I. *.

5 The only form occurring krudhmi, N. pi. n. might, however, come from krudh- min-.

6 See below. Future participles passive, 578; cp. Delbruck, Verbum 230; Lindner 76, p. 96—99-

7 See Lindner 78, p. 100—102; Whitney 1 188.

9