Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/112

 I02 I. AlLGEMEINES UND SpRACHE. VedIC GRAMMAR.

5. Accent of nominal verb forms.

102. The accentuation of participles formed from tense and conjugation stems has already been stated. When these are compounded with pre- positions, they retain their accents; thus the present and perfect participles of apa-gdm- 'go away' would be apa-gdcchant-, apa-gdcchamana-; apa-jaganv&ms-, apa-jagmand-. The preposition is, however, not infrequently found separated from the participle by another word or is placed after it, when it is treated as independent and accented, e. g. prd smdsru dodhuvat {yi. 23') 'shaking his beard'; dpa drlhs.nl ddrdrat (yi. 175) 'bursting strongholds asunder'; a ca pdra ca pathlbhis cdrantam (i. 164J') 'wandering hither and thither on (his) paths', niddhu bibhrata -iipa (i. 166^) 'bringing sweetness near'; tanvdnta A rdjah (n^ 45') 'extending through the air'. The preposition is occasionally found independently accented immediately before the participle, as abhi ddksat (11. 4?) 'burning around'; vi vidvan (i. 189') 'distinguishing' (probably in distinction from vividvan, perfect participle of vid- 'find').

a. When there are two prepositions, either both are compounded and unaccented, as vi-pra-ydntah (ix. 2 2 5) 'advancing', pary-a-vivrtsan (vii. 63^) 'turning round'; or one is compounded and the other independent and accented, as abhi a-cdrantih (viii. 96'^) 'approaching'; ava-srjdnn upa tmdna (j. 142") 'bestowing indeed'; prd vaykm uj-jihanah (v. i^) 'flying up to a branch'.

b. Participles in -iar generally accent the root, as kdr-tar 'making', but when compounded the suffix. But ni-cetar- 'observing' occurs beside ni-cetdr- 'observer'.

103. The past passive participle regularly accents the suffix; e. g. ga-td- 'gone', pat-i-td- (AV.) 'fallen', chin-nd- 'cut off' {Y^hid-). But when this participle is compounded with prepositions, the latter are as a rule accented. In several instances, however, the accent of the simple participle is retained, as apa-kri-td- (AV.) 'bought', ni-ci-td- 'seen', nis-kr-td- 'prepared', ni-sat-td- 'seated', ni-va-td- (AV.) 'uninjured', pra-jak-i-td-. 'given up' (from Jah-, a secondary form of ha- 'leave'), pra-sas-td- 'celebrated', sam-skr-td- 'prepared' (beside sdm-skr-ta-), sam-hi-td- (VS.) 'variegated' '. The preposition may be separated from the participle by another word, as pari soma siktdh (ix. 97 '5) 'poured, O Soma, around'. When there are two prepositions, the first remains unaccented, as api-vrktah (viii. 80^) 'removed' {apa-d- sam-d-kr-tavi (x. 84O 'accumulated'; or it may be separated and independently accented, as prd ydt samudrd d-hitah (ix. 64^9) 'when despatched forth to the ocean'; iidri gobhir d-vrtam (ix. 86^') 'encompassed round by streams of milk'.

104. Of the gerundives, those in -ya (or -t-yd) and -tva accent the root; e. g. cdks-ya- 'to be seen', sru-t-ya- 'to be heard', car-kf-t-ya- 'to be praised', vdk-tva- 'to be said'; those in -ayya, -enya, -aniya (AV.) accent the penultimate; e. g. pan-dyya- 'to be admired', iks-cnya- 'worthy to be seen', while those in -tavya accent the final syllable, as jan-i-tavya- (AV.) 'to be born'^ When compounded with prepositions^, gerundives nearly always leave the accent unchanged; e. g. pari-cdks-ya- 'to be despised'; with Svarita on the final syllable in the RV. only a-kay-ya- 'desirable' and upa-vdk-ya-

^ Such compounds are also thus accent- ed when turned into substantives, as nis- kr-td- n. 'rendezvous', upa-slutd-, N. of a man.

2 The gerundives in -aiiTya and -tavya ,

only begin to appear in the AV., where two examples of each occur (581 a, b).

3 The preposition is here always inse- parable.