Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/110

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. - 'go', 2. sing. mid. dhát-se from dha- 'put', and bi-bhár-ti (RV¹. AV².) beside the usual bi-bhar-ti. Both types, when the ending begins with a vowel, throw the accent back on the reduplicative syllable; e. g. 3. pl. júhv-ati and bibhr-ati, but 2. pl. juhu-thá and bibhr- thá. The subjunctive here, as usual, follows the accentuation of the strong indicative; its stem from the same two roots would be juháv-a- and bibhar-a-. In the optative middle the accent is thrown back on the reduplicative syllable because the modal affix begins with a vowel; e. g. I. sing. dádh-iya etc. beside 1. sing. act. dadh-yám etc. ¹ The RV., however, once has dadhi-tá beside dádhi-ta (3 times). In the imperative, endings with initial consonant are accented in the weak forms, otherwise the reduplicative syllable; e. g. 2. sing. de-hi, 2. du. dat-tám, but 3. mid. pl. jihatām. The strong 3. sing. impv. act. follows the strong ind., e. g. dádhātu, pipartu; the 2. pl. is often strong; e. g. juhóta, dádhata. The participle regularly accents the reduplicative syllable; e. g. júhv-at, júhv- ana, except only pipāná- (pa- 'drink'). In the seventh class the root hims- 'injure' (originally perhaps a desiderative of han- 'strike') accents the radical syllable in weak forms, as 3. sing. hims-te, pl. hims-anti, part. hims-āna-. In the fifth and eighth classes RV. has several instances of irregular accentuation of the final syllable in the 3. pl. mid.: ky-nv-até, vr-nv-até, spr-nv-até; tan-v-até, man-v-até. - In the ninth class the irregular accentuation of the 3. pl. mid. occurs in pu-n-a-té and ri-n-até (ri- 'flow'). The ending -āna, which is here added in the 2. sing. impv. act. to a few roots with final consonant, is accented on the last syllable: grh-āṇá, badh-āná (AV.), stabh-āná (AV.). IOO 98. The perfect. The singular indicative active and the whole sub- junctive² accent the radical syllable; all other forms of the indicative, as well as the whole imperative and optative accent the endings; e. g. ind. 3. sing. cakár-a, pl. cakr-úr, 1. pl. mid. cakr-máhe; subj. sing. 2. papráth-a-s, pipráy-a-s; 3. jabhár-a-t, pipráy-a-t, mumóc-a-t; dadhárs-a-ti, vavárt-a-ti; pl. 1. cākán-āma, suśáv-ama, 3. papráth-a-n; opt. sing. 1. vavṛt-yám, 2. śuśru-yás, 3. tutuj-yắtz du. 2. suśru-yatam; pl. 3. vavrj-yur; mid. sing. 2. vavṛdh-i-thắs, 3. šiśrī-tá (śri- 'resort'); impv. sing. 2. piprī-hí, mumug-dhi (√ muc-), du. 2. jajas-tám; mid. sing. 2. dadhi-svá ³. The participle, both active and middle, accents the suffix; e. g. cakr-váms-; cakrāṇá-. — 99. The aorist. -The accentuation of the unaugmented forms of the indicative has already been stated (96). With regard to that of the moods, the following notes may be added. 1. The root aorist accents the radical syllable in the subjunctive; e. g. sing. 2. kár-a-s, 3. kár-a-t, du. 3. śráv-a-tas, pl. 3. gám-a-nti, mid. sing. 3. bħój- a-te; in the injunctive, the radical syllable in the singular, but the ending elsewhere; e. g. sing. 1. nám-s-i, pl. 3. dabh-úr, mid. sing. 2. mr-thás; in the optative, the endings throughout; e. g. act. sing. 1. as-yám, 2. bhū-yás, mid. pl. 1. as-imáhi; in the imperative, the root in the 3. sing. act., but the ending elsewhere; e. g. sing. 3. śró-tu, but 2. kr-dhi, du. 2. ga-tám, pl. 2. bhu-tá4, mid. sing. 2. kr-svá; in the participle, the suffix is accented in the active, e. g. bhid-ant-, and generally in the middle, e. g. budh-and-, but in several instances the root; e. g. dyút-āna-. 2. In the a-aorist the accentuation follows that of the unaugmented indicative; thus the subjunctive sing. 3. vidát; the injunctive sing. 1. dárśa-m ruhá-m, 3. rúha-t, vidá-t, sána-t, pl. 3. vidá-nta; optative, sing. 1. vidéyam, sanéyam, pl. 1. šakéma, sanéma and sánema; the imperative, sing. 2. sảna, sára, du. 2. ruhá-tam, sáda-tam, pl. 2. khyá-ta. The participle usually accents the thematic -a, but sometimes the root; e. g. trpd-nt-, but sáda-nt-; guhá- mana-, but dása-mana-. ¹ Cp. WHITNEY 645 a, 668 a, 669. 2 When the primary endings are added, the reduplicative syllable is almost always accented; e. g. jújosasi; some others, which take secondary endings, but do not strengthen the root, also accent the reduplicative syllable, as dádhrsanta; see below 490. 3 A few forms accent and strengthen the radical syllable, du. 2. mumóc-n-tam, pl. 2. mu- móc-a-ta, mid. sing. 2. pipráy-a-sva. 4 But the root is strong and accented in several forms, kár-ta etc., of the 2. pl. im- perative.