Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/101

 in. Accent. Accentuation of Compounds.

91

drva-sa- 'hasting', eta-sd- ox ita-sa- 'variegated', babhlu-id- (VS. MS.) 'brownish', roma-sd- '■vwcf,yuva-sd- 'youthful', anku-sd- 'hook', turvd-s'a-, N. of a man. Perhaps also kdsma-sa- (AV.) 'stupefaction' (?), and kald-sa- 'jar'.

2. Accentuation of Compounds.

AuFRECHT, De accentu compositorum Sanscriticorum, Bonn 1847. — Garbe, KZ. 23i 47° f- — Reuter, Die altindischen nominalcomposita, ihrer betonung nach unter- sucht, KZ. 31, 157 — 232; 485 — 612. — Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik 21, P- 40—43, etc.

87. The rule as to the accentuation of compounds, stated in the most general way, is that iteratives, possessives, and governing compounds place the accent on the first member; determinatives and regularly formed copula- tives (with one accent) on the last member and to a large extent on its final syllable. Speaking generally the accent of a compound is that of one of its members. But some words always change their accent when compounded; thus visva- 'all' regularly becomes vihd-, and in the later Sanihitas sdrva- 'all' sometimes becomes sarvd-. Other words when compounded change their accent in certain combinations only; thus some paroxy tones become oxytone, as pfirva- 'prior' in purvd-citti- 'foreboding', pUrvd-pTti- 'precedence in drinking', purvd-huti- 'first invocation'; nima- 'one' in nemd-dhiti- 'separation'; medha- 'sacrifice' in medhd-pati- 'lord of sacrifice', and medhd-sati- 'receiving the oblation'; vfsan- in vrsd-kapi-, N. of a monkey; on the other hand some oxytones throw back the accent, as khadi- 'bracelet' in khsdi-fiasta- 'having hands adorned with bracelets'; gnvA- 'neck' in tuvi-griva- 'powerful-necked'; vird- 'hero' in />««i:-z'zV'«- 'possessed of many men' and su-vira- 'heroic'; dhumd- 'smoke' in saka-dhuma- (AV.) 'smoke of cowdung'.

An adjective compound may shift the accent from one member to the other if it becomes a substantive or a Proper Name; thus a-ksdra- 'im- perishable', d-ksara- 'speech'; su-krta- 'well done', su-krtd- n. 'good deed'; d-raya- 'niggardly', a-raya-, N. of a demon.

88. In iteratives, which may consist of repeated nouns, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, or particles, the first member alone is accented, the two words being separated by Avagraha in the Pada text, like the members of other compounds. Examples are: dhar-ahar jayate tnasi-masi {:s..S2i) 'day after day he is born, month after month'; ydd-yad ydmi tdd d bhara (viii. 61^) 'bring to me whatever I ^.^C; yatha-yatha matdyah sdnti nrndm (x. in') 'as are the desi?es of men in each case'; adyddya svdh-iva indra trdsva pari ca nah (viii. 6i'0 '011 each to-day, on each to-morrow protect us, Indra, and in the future'. The prepositions which appear as iteratives are upa, para, prd, sdm; e. g. prd-pra pusnds tuvijatdsya sasyate mahitvdm (i. 138') 'forth and again the greatness of the mighty Pusan is praised''. The only verbal iterative occurring is piba-piba (ir. 11")'' 'drink again and again'.

89. Governing compounds always accent the first member when it is a verbal noun 3, as trasd-dasyu- 'terrifying the foe', N. of a man. When the first member is a present or aorist participle, its final syllable is invariably accented, whatever the original accentuation may have been, e. g. viddd-vasu- 'winning wealth', tardd-dvesas- 'overcoming {tdrat-) foes'.

I In a few instances the repeated words are not treated as a compound and are both accenteid, as nu nu 'now, now', ihcha (AV.) 'here, here', sam sdm (AV.).

2 Otherwise a repeated verbal form is not treated as an iterative, e. g. stuhi siuhi (vni. 13°).

3 Except sik^a-nara- 'helping men'.