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 A HISTORY OF WORCESTERSHIRE The ' bovarii ' of Worcestershire, to resume, were connected with the plough teams on the lord's demesne, two 'bovarii' having charge of the team of eight oxen. I have rendered ' bovarii,' therefore, by ' oxmen,' forming the word by analogy from the ' horsemen ' of the modern farm. They had, probably, small holdings of five to ten acres each (though possibly, in Worcestershire, half a virgate), and we may further gather, from the Peterborough evidence, that some were still of servile status,' though others were free and paid 'chevage,'* The same evidence suggests that it may have been their wives' duty to winnow the lords' corn. On the border-land of servitude and freedom was ' the small but interesting class of buri^ burs, or coliberti.'' ^ Though Worcestershire, apparently, had only nine of them, the Powick entry concerning them is important as containing the word ' coliberti ' interlined above ' buri,' which implies the identity of the two. One should perhaps place next the cotmanni and cotarii of the Survey, for the typical Domesday cotter, though he held some five acres, appears to have had no concern with the all-important plough-oxen.* Professor Maitland has drawn attention to the fact that the Worcester Register distinguishes between the cotmanni and cotarii, so that the Domesday terms must be slightly different in meaning.* It has been argued, with some elaboration, that the number of serfs and bondwomen ('ancills') recorded by Domesday in Worcester- shire was due to the proximity of the county to Wales, and that the members of this servile class, especially its female members, had been actually acquired by the monks of Worcester and other holders of land within the shire in the course of ' forays against the Welsh.'* But the problems raised by the existence of this servile population require for their solution a wider outlook than a single county can afford. They have to be studied in the light of the valuable Domesday maps compiled for Mr. Seebohm's work' from the calculations of Ellis, who gave, in his Introduction to Domesday, the number respectively of ' servi ' and ' ancills ' for every county in which they occur. Mr. Seebohm ob- serves that, as shown by his map, the serfs ' were most numerous towards the south-west of England, less and less numerous as the Danish districts were approached, and absent altogether from Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and bordering districts.' * The two best studies on the subject are those ' Compare the lOth century dialogue of ^Ifric : 'Oh, my lord, hard do I work. I go out at daybreak driving the oxen to field, and I yoke them to the plough. . . every day must I plough a full acre or more. . . . Verily then I do more. I must fill the bin of the oxen with hay, and water them, and carry out the dung. . • hard work it is, because I am not free ' (Sir E. M. Thompson's Translation). ^ 'bovarii liberi ' are mentioned in Herefordshire (fo. 183^). discussed. '' The English Village Community (1883). « Ibid. p. 89. 276
 * Maitland's Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 36-8, where the character of this class is
 * See, for the cotters, Andrews' Old English Manor, pp. 170-5.
 * Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 40. ® Architectural Societies' Reports, XXII. 102-105.