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 NOTE The reader should bear in mind throughout that the date of the Domes- day Survey is 1086; that 'the time of King Edward,' to which it refers, normally means the date of his death (5 Jan. 1066), and that the intermediate date, which is sometimes spoken of as 'afterwards' and sometimes as ' when received,' is that at which the estate passed into the hands of the new holder. When the word 'semper' is used it means that the figures were the same in 1086 as 1066. The Domesday ' plough-land ' or ' carucate ' is not divided in SufFolk, as in other counties, into eight ' bovates,' but smaller holdings are expressed either in acres (ot which 120 went to the 'carucate') or as fractions of the 'carucate.' ' Demesne,' in the Survey, is used in two senses : manors held < in demesne ' were those which the tenant-in-chief (who held directly of the Crown) retained in his own hands, instead of enfeoffing under-tenants therein ; but when ' the demesne ' of a manor is spoken of, the term denotes that portion which the holder (whether a tenant-in-chief or only an under- tenant) worked as a home farm with the help of labour due from the peasants who held the rest from him. Of the peasantry the three classes are styled, in descending order, villeins, bordars, and serfs ; above them were the 'freemen' and sokemen, survivals from before the Conquest, who are discussed in the Introduction. The essential element of the plough (< caruca ') was its team of oxen, always reckoned in Domesday as eight in number. Apart from the plough-oxen the live stock on the lord's demesne is generally, though not regularly, entered in the Suffolk survey, a feature which adds greatly to its length, and is peculiar to the three eastern counties. It comprises horses (usually 'rounceys'), asses, and ' beasts ' (i.e. cattle), sheep, swine, goats, and hives of bees. It must be remembered that when Domesday speaks of a place as held by a certain tenant, it does not follow that the whole of it is meant. It may have comprised other manors, which form the subject of separate entries. The assessment of geld in East Anglia is expressed in terms of pence per pound. For every pound of geld assessed on the hundred each 'vill' pays a definite number of pence, as is explained in the Introduction. It should be remembered that the measurements given are very rough, and that no calculation of acreage can safely be based upon them. A translation of the portion of Domesday relating to SufFolk was published by the late Lord John Hervey in 1888-91. This, adapted to uniformity with the other Domesday translations in the Victoria County Histories, formed the basis of the present translation. The latter has, however, been collated throughout with the photographic facsimile of the text, and the identifications have also been made independently of Lord John Hervey's work. The text of the Inquisitio E/iensis, quoted in the footnotes, is that printed by Mr. N. E. Hamilton in his edition of the Inquisitio Cemitatus Cantabrigiensis. 417 53