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 A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK Harkstead was separately assessed to the geld, on the East Anglian system." Similarly, 60 acres were held before the Conquest at Saxtead in Bishop's Hundred as a berewick. of Framlingham in Loes Hundred, while Edric of Laxfield held 94 acres at Framlingham as a berewick of the neighbouring vill of Dennington {Dinghetuna). 'Kodenham,' or 'Kodeham' (Coddenham), a berewick of Cavendish, in Babergh Hundred, was, like Harkstead, assessed separately, while the berewick of Fenstead, in the same hundred, was included in the assessment of its manor, Houghton.^' A berewick might be larger and more populous than its manor, as at ' Coclesworda,' where a berewick of 8 carucates with a peasant population of thirty householders was attached to a manor of 6 carucates with twenty-six ' recorded ' peasant occupiers. Berewicks had demesne and home farms, unfree tenants, meadow, woodland, and stock. They could be both valued and assessed independently of their manors, and sometimes their lineal measurements are given separately." They could even be held by separate lords, though of one manorial over-lord. Edric of Laxfield's manor of Hollesley, with the sokemen and freemen attached to it, came, after the Conquest, to Robert Malet ; but its two berewicks, ' Culeslea ' and Bawd- sey, were held from Robert Malet, one by his mother and the other by Robert de Glanville.'°° A berewick, like a manor, could be created out of another holding. Uthtret or Huhtradus, who held Houghton for a manor under Harold, and Fenstead ' for one carucate,' was succeeded by Ralph de Limesi, who held Fenstead ' for a berewick ' {pro berewita) in Houghton. Ot Earl Gurth's two manors in Samford Hundred, Bentley was afterwards joined to the manor of Bergholt 'as a berewick' {pro bervita), and Shotley bore apparently much the same relation to the larger estate, a relation which in this case is primarily financial, for the two manors are said to be ' added to the farm' {ijue huicjirme addita sunt) of Bergholt. They, in common with Shelley, the pre-Conquest berewick of Bergholt, are assessed separately to the geld."' Of the honour, or great fief, the feudum, including many manors and smaller territorial units, several instances are found in the Suffolk Survey, notably the Saxon honour of Phin, the nucleus of the later honour of Clare.'"* The early honours and ' fiefs ' seem to have borne the personal names or titles of their original holders, tht feudum Fedrici, the honor Jint {Phin), ihc feudum Phin, the feudum JVisgari, xhe. feudum Thederici or Tedrici {T'heoderic, brother of Walter the Deacon), iht feudum Reginae, the feudum Episcopi de Tefort, which seems to be distinguished from his terrae, though elsewhere terra and feudum appear as equivalent terms. Thus in Essex we hear of the feudum Baignardi, and in Suffolk of the Terrae Radulfi Baignardi ; while the terrae of Frodo, the abbot's brother, and hi% feudum are apparently identical in the " Dom. Bk. 2863 ; 6, (Essex) ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 114, 333. " Dom. Bk. 299, 3253, 428^ ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 365-8. " Dom. Bk. 4023, 403, 288^, 289 ; Mildenhall, ' Et supradicta berewita habet ii leu. et dim. in longo, et tantundem in lato, et de gelto xkd. et i ferdingum,' 3 1 "jb. ""Ibid. 3193. Cf. ' Benga,' berewick of Staverton, 31 9^ ; Falkenham, berewick of Walton, 339^ ; Cavenham (Canavatham), 391^; Famham, 316^; Mendlesham, 285^; Lowestoft, Lund, Belton, Elga, 2833. '" Ibid. 428, 305, where Robert Malet's mother held a carucate of land at Debenham, in Claydon Hundred, which Britmar a freeman had held T.R.E. as a berewick of Kenton, in Loes Hundred ; cf. 326, ' Kenetuna' ; 3 8/3, Baldereseia berewita et enumerata. '" VinogradofF op. cit. 348-50.