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 A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK to 3 carucates and io8 acres, without counting 24 acres which were held by two churches. The value of the whole amounted to ^7 ioj., but the manor was farmed for £ ioj. The aggregate, then, conforms very closely to what Professor VinogradofF regards as the normal standard of the typical manor, Edric of Laxfield, again, held 40 acres as a manor in Parham Hundred at ' Brutge ' valued at I4J-. 8d'. Five freemen with 20 acres valued at 4J. were 'added by commendation' {additi commendatione), bringing the whole area up to half a carucate and the value to i Sj. 8^. After the Conquest Walter de Risboil held manor and freemen of Robert Malet. At Nettlestead, in Bosmere Hundred, Earl Ralph, before his forfeiture, added thirty-four freemen with 2 J carucates to a manor of 5 carucates. In this case the addition raised the value of the manor from £^j ioj. to exactly >Cio-" Sometimes the ' addition ' of freemen seems to have been an act of pure aggression, as at Freckenham, where Earl Ralph added four freemen whom he appropriated, or ' invaded ' [quos invasit), with 8 acres of land and half a plough team, to the large manor which had belonged to Orthi, Harold's thegn.*' Some- times the processes of ' delivery ' and ' addition ' led to disputes, in which the hundred was called upon to decide the respective claims of rival land lords.*' Sometimes the men who had been ' commended ' to the Norman lord's English antecessor appear to be ' added ' to his manor as a matter of course. At Yoxford, in Blything Hundred, for instance, the thegn Norman had 100 acres for a manor and the commendation over five freemen with 14 acres. His successor, Hugh de Corbun, who held under Roger Bigot, had the five freemen ' added ' to his manor, and also two other freemen with 7 acres, possibly to bring the area of the manor up to a carucate."* Once it is even stated that Roger Bigot received 40 acres of land and 5 acres of meadow at Buxhall, in Stow Hundred, ad perficiendum belham in alio hundreto. Turning to Beleham, or Baylham, in Bosmere Hundred, we find four small manors and thirty freemen holding 140 J acres, in all 4 carucates 2oi acres, worth 137J. before the Conquest, 142J. after it. The addition of the 40 acres at Buxhall, which after the Conquest were worth ioj., would just bring the arable area up to 4 J carucates (4 carucates 60 J acres), and raise the value to a little over ^^7 ioj. i^^j i2j.). Or, since one of the Baylham freemen ' lay ' in Stonham, and was valued there, it may be that the Buxhall land was taken into the valuation of Baylham as compensation. Similarly, in Bures, in Babergh Hundred, before the Conquest Uluric son of Brictric held 2 carucates under King Edward, Tosti a freeman held i carucate under King Edward, and two freemen of Harold, who could sell their land, held 60 acres. After the Conquest the whole came into the hands of John Fitz Waleran, and Harold's two freemen were delivered ad perficiendum manerium. Their 60 acres would bring it up to exactly 3^ carucates, and would raise its value to 65J." The king and the great Norman tenants in chief seem to have dealt very arbitrarily both with English ' manors ' and English freemen, " Dom. Bk. 3383, 306*, 294^. »« Ibid. 381^; cf. 3383. " 381, cf. 449 ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 425-8 ; Below, p. 379 et seq. ^ Dom. Bk. 333 ; cf. 331, 3313. 'Blything. Hinetuna,' 50 acres added with freemen to a manor of 50 acres: value increased from 8/. to ^s. ; ' Bringas,' 60 acres with freemen added to a manor of l-| carucates ; ' Brantuna,' 100 acres with freemen added to a manor of 2 carucates. " Dom. Bk. 3363, 33/3, 338, 435^. The hundred had seen 'neither writ nor livery' ('nee breve nee liberatorem '), conveying the 40 acres in Buxhall to Roger Bigot. On 'making up' ('perficiendum') a manor, cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 309 et seq. 374