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 A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE Pennine Glacier. The Pennine hills evidently nourished their glaciers at the time the Welsh hills were swathed in ice. Their lobes of ice descended down the main valleys the Dove and Derwent carrying with them the rocks of the Derbyshire hills, and spreading them out on the rising ground south of Uttoxeter, Tutbury and Derby. Clear as to its origin, and of comparatively recent geological date, the Pleistocene period plainly shows its influence on the pre-existing physiographical outlines of the county. Remove the drift deposits on the north-western borders of the county, and a hollow, occasionally sinking below sea-level, would extend where now there is a plain from 200-300 feet above sea-level. Before the ice dropped its detritus in the Trent valley, between Bucknall and Stockton Brook, it can be clearly shown that the Trent flowed at the foot of the high bank of Carboniferous rocks descending from Wetley Moor, and that it is less in volume by that now carried ofF by the Stockton Brook, which feeds the Churnet, but in pre-glacial times flowed into the Trent. It is probable also that greater changes in drainage took place in the Dove valley system, but this comparatively modern line of research has not been worked out for this valley. RIVER DRIFT AND CAVE EARTH Between the final passing away of the ice-sheets and the earliest records of the human period in Staffordshire a long time elapses, during which the rivers were gradually assuming their present channels and rate of flow. The history of these lesser changes of river shrinkage and alteration of channel, accompanied by a slow modification of the fauna and flora, has not been sufficiently studied throughout the county, and the results obtained have depended largely upon chance excavations, so that our knowledge is necessarily imperfect. The older river deposits consist of terraces of gravel, sand and loam frequently met with at levels high above the present streams, though in some cases glacial gravels may have been mistaken for former river deposits and vice versa. On the west banks of the Trent, at Burton, old river gravels have been met with at Stretton 100 feet above the present water-level of the Trent. At a lower level, from 18 to 36 feet above the Trent, another platform of gravel extends between Stretton and Horninglow. Further down in the valley the town of Burton is situated on an old river gravel from 8 to 10 feet above the present water-level. The material composing it consists of well washed sand and gravel, from 20 to 30 feet thick. High Street, Burton, and the older parts of the town are located on this terrace, the gravels and sands of which for many years alone yielded the water used in the celebrated breweries. Bones, jaws and teeth of Sus scrqfa, Bos taurus var. longifrons, horse and those of the dog and wolf have been obtained at times from these deposits. From the older river gravels of the Trent at Trentham Dr. Plot 30