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 A HISTORY OF LONDON chroniclers of this period concerning the London clergy are almost always in their favour. For example, when in 1446 the Prior of Kilmainham accused the Earl of Ormond of treason the king pardoned Ormond ' at the great instance and labour of divers preachers and doctors in London, as Sir Gilbert Worthynton, parson of St. Andrew in Holborn, and other,' ^" while after the second battle of St. Albans (1461) 'divers Clerks and Curates of the City ' went with the Duchess of Bedford and Lady Scales ' to entreat for grace for the City ' from the victorious Lancastrians."^ Some of the London clergy were zealous on behalf of education,"' but their efforts to increase the number of schools were opposed by Bishop Robert Gilbert (1436—48)."° Neither he nor his successor, Thomas Kemp (1450-89), appears to have been active as a diocesan. Both, like the other bishops of this period, were assisted by various suffragans. Between 1461 and 1470 the rectors of St. Botolph Bishopsgate, St. Christopher le Stocks, and St. Martin Ludgate were titular bishops of Down and Connor, Ardfert, and Sidon respectively ; and among the rectors of St. Christopher's (like St. Botolph's, in the patronage of the Bishop of London) during the next fifty years was a Bishop of Kildare and a Bishop of Gallipoli."^ The only religious foundations of this period in London were connected with certain fraternities whose activities were directed towards the main- tenance either of services in a particular chapel — as that of Jesus in the crypt of St, Paul's — or of a hospital or almshouse — as that for aged priests at St. Augustine Pappey, once the church of a tiny parish which had been united with All Hallows on the Wall about 1430."^ An important new parochial fraternity was founded in 1441 to maintain a chantry of two priests at St. Dunstan's in the West, where the services had been neglected since its appropriation to Alnwick Abbey. "^ In 1477 the fraternity of Our Lady and the parishioners of St. Martin Ludgate stated in a petition to the mayor and aldermen that the chapel over Ludgate, in which time out of mind services in honour of Our Lady had been held ' to the great rejoicing and comfort of all . . . coming and going through the gate,' had been pulled down by the executors of Stephen Forster, who had left money to rebuild the prison. They had not fulfilled their promise to rebuild the chapel, and now, if the City authorities gave consent, the fraternity intended to do so."* The existing London Parochial Records, several of which begin during the latter part of the 15th century, record the devotion of the Londoners to their churches at that period."' At St. Margaret's Southwark two silver '" Ciron. of Lot! J. (ed. Kingsford), 157 ; Hist. Coll. of a Land. Citizen (Camd. Soc), 187. '^ Chron. of Land. (ed. Kingsford), 173. '^^ Cal. Pat. 1436-41, p. 295 ; Sharpe, Cat. of WilU,, 508. With StafFord's will cf. those of Simon Eyre, 1459 (see Fraternity in Leadcnhall Chapel under ' Religious Houses ') and Hugh Brice, 1492 ; Cal. ii, 600. "" Lond. Epis. Reg. Gilbert, fol. 191 ; Pari. R. (Rec. Com.), v, 137. '" Stubbs, Reg. Sacr, zoo-%, passim ; Hennessy, Novum Repert. 1 11, 281-2 (cf. Newcourt, Repcrtorium, ii, 356), 292 ; cf. 349. Hennessy's list of suffragans is far from complete. '" See under ' Religious Houses,' for foundations of the first class St. Paul's, Leadenh.ill Chapel, the College in All Hallows Barking ; of the second St. Augustine Pappey (to the references there given add Lond. Epis. Reg. Braybrook, fol. 321, and Rec. Corp. Letter Bk. K, fol. 53^^), St. Mar}^ Rouncivall, and St. Giles Cripplegate. "^ D. & C. Westm. Lond. box D-K. ''' Guildhall MS. I 3 1 1, fol. 31. This MS. is a very interesting record book of the parish of St. Martin's. '" For Parochial Records used see App. The book of St. Margaret Pattens, partly printed in jlrch. Joum. xlii (1885), furnishes a connected list of ornaments, vestments, and books 'gotten and laboured to be had' by the rector and churchwardens of 1479-86. Cf. the inventory in j^rch. 1, 18. 230