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 ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS subjects being also found on Scandinavian brooches of similar pattern during the tenth century. A few general remarks are needed to introduce the series of Anglo- Saxon coins struck, in London. They fall into two main groups, which are successive, not contemporary. The earlier pieces were ultimately derived from coins of Honorius, and known as sceats or sceattas, the name being con- nected with the German Schatz and Danish Skatt (treasure), and still surviving in ' scot ' and ' shot.' They were first struck early in the seventh century, and are ' small thick pieces almost wholly devoid of intelligible legends but rich, as few coinages of the world are rich, in the variety of the designs by which they are adorned.' The specimen illustrated (fig. i 8) bears the name Lvi/iDOMiA + on the obverse, and London pieces have one peculiarity worth noting. They alone, among the coins of this series, are of very base silver, sometimes indeed of a metal so debased that it becomes questionable whether they should not be described as copper coins. Thus, the metals of all the earliest English coins bearing the name of London are approximately very base silver or copper and gold, the metals of the two classes of Roman coins current in this country : a fact not without its significance, especially when we reflect that the preference for silver coins was in some sort a badge of the Teutonic nations. Quantum valeat the circumstance tends to show that the city of London retained something of the habits and preferences which it had acquired under the Romans. At the same time the appearance itself of the legend Londonia or Londunium may suggest that during this period London preserved some sort of autonomy.-"'' The sceattas were in use till the introduction of the penny by OfFa of Mercia late in the eighth century ; the latter was a thinner and broader piece of silver, bearing on one side the name of the king by whose authority it was struck, and on the other the name of the moneyer, that is, of the person made responsible for the just weight and purity of the coins. Halfdan the Dane struck coins at London in the year 872, but the five pennies illustrated will suffice as specimens from the London mints. Under iEthelstan it was enacted at the Synod of Greatley (Hunts., a.d. 928) that London should have eight moneyers, Canterbury ranking next with seven. Special atten- tion may be called to the monogram of London in the Byzantine style on a penny of Alfred, and the penny of Ecgberht as king of the Mercians belongs to the first penny issue bearing the name of London (829—30). A remarkable hoard, deposited about 841-2, was discovered between western Fleet Street and the river, containing 241 coins of Mercia, Kent, Canterbury, East Anglia, and Wessex ; another deposit, containing perhaps as many as seven thousand coins of Edward the Confessor and William L was found in the City, and about one hundred coins of Burgred of Mercia (851-74), with one of vEthelred I (863-71), were found during excavations for Waterloo Bridge."' In connexion with numismatic art may be mentioned a bodkin-like pin that was classified as Roman by Roach Smith [Catalogue, No. 288), but seems to belong to the sixth century, and to be of Teutonic workmanship. It is 6'4 in. long, and consists of a round bronze stem with flat round head, and a slit near the point, probably for the insertion of a cord or other ""' Cat. of Engl. Coins (B.M.), vol. i, p. xx ; those illustrated are No. 125, Handbook of Coins (B.M.) ; Cat. vol. i, No. 89 ; vol. ii, Nos. 84, 60, 186, and 1021, under their respective kings. " Numismatic C6ron.'{jrd Ser.), xiv, 29 ; (New Ser.), xvi, 323 ; (3rd Ser.), iv, 349 ; v, 254. I 161 21