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 A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE hides 'under' the abbot of St. Alban's (fo. 135^). His own estate appears to have lain in Stanstead (Abbots), where he had ii| hides (fo. 138^), and Hoddesdon (fo. 142^), but ' men ' of his had small hold- ings at Sawbridgeworth and Ayot. In his case we can trace his influence at Sawbridgeworth to the estate he held in Stanstead, and his lordship of a 'man' at Ayot to the fact that he held of St. Alban's Abbey at Codicote adjoining. Looking then at the whole of the evidence we are led to infer that the relation of an English lord to his ' men ' was distinctly less close than that between a Norman baron and his under-tenants. The former relation was one of considerably varying character and was very largely at least the result of small landowners voluntarily seeking some influential man as their lord. The latter was rigid and well defined, resulting as it did from the action of the lord, who enfeoffed his under- tenant on his own terms. This brings us to the division among the Norman conquerors of the lands which had been held in Hertfordshire by the English lords and their ' men.' It is a striking fact that Edward the Confessor had held nothing in the county outside Hertford until the forfeiture of earl Tostig towards the close of his reign brought him the manor of Bayford(bury), in which Essendon, which is not mentioned in Domedsay, was then, I believe, included. 1 Even the great house of Godwine held but little in Hertfordshire, although its vast territorial possessions constitute ' one of the best marked features of Domesday Book.' 2 Beyond Hitchin and its appurtenant manors, which the Conqueror reserved for himself, Harold had only held Amwell, which was given to Ralf de Limesi ; 8 and of his brothers, Leofwine had but a small manor at Puttenham, adjoining Bucks where his estates were large, while Tostig, we have seen, had Bayford. The lands of the Church, although considerable, were by no means of exorbitant extent. St. Alban's naturally led the way with an assessment under the Confessor of nearly 140 hides. This was almost as large as that of all the other religious houses put together. Ely had 49, Westminster 41^, the canons of St. Paul's 38, and Ramsey, Waltham, Chatteris and ' the old minster ' of Winchester some 28 between them. The total hidage of the county under Edward the Confessor was, accord- ing to Prof. Maitland, 1,050 hides, 4 and in 1 130 it was reckoned as high as i,ioo. 8 The Church's proportion of this total some 290 hides was by no means extravagant in those days. We have still however to consider the lands of the bishop of London in Hertfordshire, which must be reckoned as at least 45 hides. The Domesday entries on these lands require to be carefully studied, for it is only of 7! hides at Hadham that we read : ' This manor was and is (the 1 A similar phenomenon is found in the adjoining county of Essex, where Edward the Confessor appears to have held nothing at his death, King William's estates in that county having mainly belonged to Harold. The peculiar character of the great manors held by the latter in Essex convinces me that they had been Crown demesne, which points to the conclusion that Hitchin had previously been so also. This would explain the appearance of the royal avera at Hitchin (see p. 273 above), 2 Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 168. s But compare p. 299 below. 6 Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I., p. 62. Mr. Ragg makes it nearly noo in 1086 278
 * Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 464.