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 A HISTORY OF ESSEX bordars. Then 2 serfs ; now 3. Then as now (semper) 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 6 ploughs belonging to the men ; now 5. There are 4 acres of meadow, (with) wood- (land) for 10 swine. Then 2 rounceys (run- cini) ; now 6. Then 5 beasts (animalia) ; nowi6. Then 102 sheep; now 1 06. Then as now (semper) 20 swine. Now 2 hives of bees. It was then worth 6 pounds ; now 7.* HUNDRET OF UDELESFORDA [UTTLESFORD] ARCHESDANA [Arkesden], which was held by Alvric Wants 8 as a manor and as 2 hides less 15 acres, is held by E[udo] in demesne. Then as now (semper) 2 villeins, and 7 bor- dars, and 2 serfs. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne ; now i. Then as now (semper) 2 ploughs belonging to the men. (There is) wood(land) for 20 swine, (and) 10 acres of meadow. It is worth 100 shillings. fo.5 XXVI. THE LAND OF ROGER DE OTBURVILLA HUNDRET OF HERLAUA [HARLOW] HALINGEBERIA [(Great) Hallingbury] was held, in King Edward's time, by 2 free men as a manor and as 3 hides and 38 acres. Then 6 ploughs on the demesne ; now 3. Then io ploughs belonging to the men ; now 2. Then 18 villeins ; now 8. Then 4 bordars ; now 5. Then i serf ; now none. (There is) wood(land) for 600 swine, 25 acres of meadow, pasture worth 28 pence, (and) i mill. And 9 ploughs could be added to the stock (restaurari). 3 And one of these manors used to be worth, 4 in King Edward's time, 8 pounds ; and when received (it was worth) 100 shillings ; now 4 pounds. And the other was then worth 60 shillings ; now 4O. 5 Roger took over (recepit) on the demesne i rouncey (runcinum and 3 beasts (animalia), and 30 sheep, and 40 swine ; now (there are) I rouncey and 8 beasts, and 80 swine, and 1 2O sheep, and 3 hives of bees. 6 1 This is the duplicate entry discussed in the Introduction (p. 411). Eudo at Radwinter (see Introduction, p. 355). 8 Yet there had been a decrease of 1 1 ploughs since the time of the Confessor, so that (if the figures are correct) either the estate had then too many, or the arable land had decreased. 4 ' unum manerium ex istis valebat.' 6 This passage is of some importance for the use of the word ' manerium.' 6 This was clearly the principal manor in the Hallingburys, and must have been lost by Roger de Otburvilla, and granted to Eudo Dapifer after HUNDRET OF DOMMAUA [DUNMOW] RODINGES [ ] was held, in King Edward's time, by Turchil, a free man, as a manor and as 2 hides. Then [ ploughs ] on the demesne ; now i-J-. Then 3 villeins ; now i priest and 2 villeins. Then 2 bordars ; now 5. Then 4 serfs ; now 3, who have i plough. 8 (There is) wood(land) for 30 swine, (and) 24 acres of meadow. It was then worth 6 pounds ; afterwards and now 100 shillings. And when (Roger) received (it), he found there only the land (itself 9 ) and I plough. HUNDRET OF UDELESFORT [UTTLESFORD] ARCHESDANA [Arkesden] was held by Lewin freely (libere) as a manor and as i hide ; and Roger (holds it) by exchange (in suo escangio). Then 2 villeins ; afterwards and now I. Then as now (semper) 3 bor- dars. Then I plough on the demesne ; when he received (the manor), none ; now I. Then and afterwards i plough belonging to the men ; now none. There are 7 acres of meadow, (with) wood(land) for 10 swine. Then i beast (animal) and 19 sheep ; now i colt (pullus), 14 swine, (and) 90 sheep. It was then worth 40 shillings ; now 50. In the same vill Ulfo held i hide freely (liberee) in King Edward's time ; and Roger (holds it) by exchange (pro escangio). Then 2 villeins ; afterwards and now I. ' Then as now (semper) 3 bordars. Then I plough on the demesne ; and when he received (the manor), none ; now i. Then and afterwards i plough belonging to the men ; now none. (There are) 7 acres of meadow, (with) wood- (land) for 10 swine. It was then worth 40 shillings ; now 5O. 10 fo. 52b CISHELLA [Chishall n ] was held by Edric as Domesday ; for it passed to St. John's Abbey under Eudo's grant. The descent of Roger's other manors, and therefore their exact identity, appears to be obscure. 8 'habentes I carrucam.' This appears to refer to the serfs, but must be intended to refer to the villeins and bordars. The 3 serfs, it is interesting to note, would be exactly the right proportion for the l ploughs on the demesne in 1086. 9 ' solam terram,' an exceptional phrase. 10 The close correspondence between the figures for these two holdings at Arkesden should be observed. It suggests recent and equal division. 11 This is identified by Morant with the manor of Over Chishall in Great Chishall ; but it was not improbably the manor of ' Lisles ' there, which 496
 * This is the Alvric 'Wand' who held of
 * This is omitted in the MS.