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 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS tscangio). Then as now (semper) half a plough. (There are) i acres of meadow. It was then worth 10 shillings ; now 6 shillings and 8 pence. This land is of the king's soke (socna). to. 3 8b XXIII. THE LAND OF RICHARD SON OF COUNT GILBERT 1 HUNDRET OF HERLAUA [HARLOW] WALLA [Wallbury ? *], which was held, in King Edward's time, by Toti, a free man, as i manor and as i hide, is held by Richard in demesne. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne ; now i. Then as now (semper) i plough belonging to the men. Then 2 bordars ; now 6. Then 2 serfs ; now none. (There is) wood(land) for 100 swine, (and) 24 acres of meadow. It was then worth 30 shillings ; now 40. HUNDRET OF DOMMAWA [DUNMOW] TACHESTEDA [Thaxted] was held by Wisgar 8 in King Edward's time. Now R[ichard] (holds it) in demesne as I manor and as 9^ hides. Then 8 ploughs on the demesne ; now 7. Then 34 ploughs be- longing to the men ; now 18. Then 55 villeins ; now 52. Then as now (semper) 24 bordars and 16 serfs. (There was) then woodland for 1 ,000 swine ; now for 800. There are 120 acres of meadow. Then i mill ; now 2. The stock could be increased by 1 6 ploughs. 4 Then as now (semper) 4 rounceys (runcini), and 36 beasts (anima/ia), (and) 128 swine. Then 200 sheep ; now 320. Then 10 hives of bees; now 16. It was then worth 30 pounds ; and when (it was) received, the same. It is now worth 50 pounds, say the French and the English, 6 but Richard has given it on lease (ad censum) to a certain Englishman at 60 pounds ; but 1 Alias Richard de Clare (from his Suffolk lordship of Clare) and Richard de Tonbrige (from his Kent lordship of Tunbridge). troduction, p. 397). wide possessions Richard had obtained. 4 ' Adhuc possunt restaurari xvi carucae.' This information is very rare in the survey of Essex. 6 The men of the Hundred were represented before the Domesday Commissioners by foreigners and natives in equal proportion. It should be observed that, here again, a great decrease in the plough-teams and a diminution of the woodland are accompanied by a marked increase of value. he looses (deficiunt ;'///') at least 10 pounds every year. 6 To this manor belong now as then (adjacent semper) 3 sokemcn with (de) 2 hides and 15 acres, whom Garner holds of R[ichard] ; then 4 ploughs (were there), now 3^ ; then 10 villeins, now 2 ; then 2 bordars, now i o ; then 4 serfs, now none ; (there is) wood(land) for 50 swine, (and) 34 acres of meadow ; it is worth 6 pounds. And of this estate (terra) i sokcman of the king held, in King Edward's time 7^ acres, which have been added to this manor in King William's time, and have not paid the king's due (consuetudinem). DOMMAWA [(Great) Dunmow] was held by Wisgar, 8 in King Edward's time, as I manor and as 2 hides and 30 acres. Then as now (semper) 2 ploughs on the demesne, and 2 ploughs belonging to the men, and 5 villeins. Then 4 bordars ; now 7. Then as now (semper) 4 serfs. (There was) then wood(land) for 500 swine j now for 300. There are 15 acres of meadow. Then as now (semper) i mill. Then and afterwards it was worth 60 shillings ; now 100. And this land is claimed by Vital, I knight (i mi/es), as having been held, he asserts, fo. 39 by i free man in King Edward's time. In this manor i priest holds, as he held (tenet semper), half a hide in almoin ; and half a plough (was there) then as now (semper), and 2 bordars. This manor is held by Ernald (of William). HUNDRET OF HIDINCFORDA [HINCKFORD] GHESTINGETORP [Gestingthorpe], which was held, in King Edward's time, by Ledmar the priest 7 as half a hide, is held of R[ichard] by W. Peche 8 (peccatum). Then as now (semper) 3 ploughs on the demesne, and 3 ploughs belonging to the men, and 8 villeins. Now 9 bordars. Then as now (semper) 6 serfs. (There is) wood(land) for 20 swine, (and) 20 acres of meadow. Then i mill ; now none. To this estate (terra) there belongs then as now (semper jacet) i sokcman 6 See Introduction, p. 363. 7 He was set over the collegiate church founded at Clare by jElfric father of Wisgar, Richard's predecessor. His manor here was one of the two into which Gestingthorpe was divided, the other being held in cafite by Otto the Goldsmith at the time of Domesday. 8 He also held of Richard at Clopton and Dalham in Suffolk, and he had a house at Col- chester. 477
 * A manor in Great Hallingbury (compare In-
 * This was the English lord of Clare, whose