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 A HISTORY OF ESSEX on the demesne. Then 4 ploughs belonging to the men ; afterwards and now 3. There is wood(land) for 20 swine and 5 acres of meadow. There are 14 swine, 56 sheep, (and) i rouncey (rundnus). To this manor belonged (fuerunt) 5 sokemen holding half a hide and 35 acres, who could not leave their soke (remanentes cum soca l ) ; 3 ploughs (were there) then ; afterwards and now 2 ; (there are) 5 acres of meadow. (The whole) was then worth n pounds ; now 12. BIRDEFELDA [(Little) Bardfield], which was held, in King Edward's time, by Norman as 2 hides and I virgate, and afterwards by Ingelric, who annexed him (et invasit eum is held of the count by Adolof (de Merc). Then as now (semper) 6 villeins. Then and afterwards I bordar ; now 12. Then as now (semper) 4 serfs and 3 ploughs on the demesne, and 2 ploughs belonging to the men. (There is) wood(land) for 200 swine and 49 acres of meadow. (There are) 5 beasts (animalia), 25 swine, 2 hives of bees, 30 goats, (and) I fo. rouncey (rundnus). Then as now (semper) I mill. Now i fishery. It was then worth 8 pounds ; now I O pounds. HUNDRET OF ROCHEFORT [RoCHFORD] SCOPELANDA [Shopland] was held, in King Edward's time, by i free man as 5 hides. Ingelric held (it) afterwards. Now Count Eustace (holds it) in demesne. Then as now (semper) 5 villeins and 2 sokemen ; and their lord used to have ' soc and sac ' (et dominus forum habebat socam et sacam)? Then as now (semper) 9 bordars, and 2 ploughs on the demesne, and 5 ploughs belonging to the men. (There is) wood(land) for 40 swine, (and) pasture for 400 sheep. (There are) 2 beasts (animalia), 54 sheep, 14 swine, 13 goats, (and) 3 rounceys (runcini). It was then worth 6 pounds ; now I O. There also I free man held half a hide and 30 acres, which (quod] Ingelric seized (occupavit) ; then as now (semper) I plough (was there) and 3 bordars ; and this is appraised as part of the (in) 10 pounds. 8 1 The rendering of this difficult phrase can only be conjectural. 2 This is an important phrase, but its meaning is somewhat uncertain. 3 Here again is a manor which has nearly doubled its value, though the plough-teams have not increased. The addition to it of the rela- tively small estate seized by Ingelric seems quite insufficient to account for the rise. fo. 35 XXI. THE LAND OF COUNT ALAN* HUNDRET OF HERLAUA [HARLOW] EPPINGA [Epping] was held, in King Ed- ward's time, by Wisgar, a free man, as i manor and as i^ hides and half a virgate. Then as now (semper) I plough on the demesne, and half a plough belonging to the men, and 2 villeins and 2 bordars. There is wood(land) for 100 swine (and) 8 acres of meadow. It was then worth 20 shillings, now 30. This manor is held of the count by Osbern. HUNDRET OF DOMMAUA [DUNMOW] ULINGHEHALA [Willingale (Spain)], which was held, in King Edward's time, by Edeva 5 as I manor and as i hide and i^ virgates, is held of the count by Hervey (' de Ispania '). Then as now (semper) 3 ploughs on the demesne, and i^ ploughs belonging to the men, and 4 villeins, and 8 bordars, and 4 serfs. (There is) wood(land) for 250 swine, (and) 12 acres of meadow. It was then worth 60 shillings ; now 100. CANEFELDA [(Great) Canfield], which was held, in King Edward's time, by Edeva B as I hide and 30 acres, is held of the count by Aubrey (Albericus) de Ver. 6 Then as now (semper) I plough on the demesne, and i ploughs belonging to the men. Then 3 vil- leins ; now I. Then 5 bordars ; now I O. (There is) wood(land) for 100 swine, (and) 48 acres of meadow, counting meadow and marsh (inter pratum et maresc^). Then as now (semper) it was worth 60 shillings. HUNDRET OF HIDINGHAFORT [HINCKFORD] PHINCINGEFELDA [Finchingfield 8 ], which was held, in King Edward's time, by 3 free men, under Edeva, 5 as 2^ hides, is held of the count by Hervey (' de Ispania '). Then as now (semper) 5 ploughs on the demesne, and 7 ploughs belonging to the men, and 3 vil- leins, and 50 (sic 9 ) bordars, (and) 5 serfs. (There is) wood(land) for 160 swine, (and) 1 6 acres of meadow. It was then worth 100 shillings ; now 8 pounds. 4 Of Brittany (see Introduction, p. 350). This heading is in large lettering. 5 Edith ' the fair ' (see Introduction). G Who also held Canfield as a tenant in chief (see p. 532 below). 7 This is an unusual phrase. 8 i.e. the manor of Spain's Hall there. 9 The number is suspiciously large. 472