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 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS 1 6 ; then 4 serfs, (and) now 8 ; then 12 ploughs, (and) now 7 ; pasture for 300 sheep ; it was then worth 12 pounds ; now 8. On the demesne of this manor are 1 1 beasts (animalia), and 696 sheep, and 2O swine. King Canute (Gnut) took away this land, but fo. iob Bishop William recovered it in King William's time. COPEFORDA [Copford *] is held by the bishop in demesne as i^ hides and 18 acres. Then 16 bordars ; now 14. Then 5 serfs; now 3. Then as now (semper) 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then the men had 7 ploughs ; now 5. Wood(land) for 100 swine, and 16 acres of meadow. And (there are) 6 beasts (animalia), and 12 swine and 37 sheep. Then as now (semper) it was worth 8 pounds. To this manor there belonged, in King Edward's time, 12 sokemen (there are) now 10 holding I hide and 2-J acres ; and they could not withdraw themselves (recedere) * as the Hundret (court) testifies ; (there were) then between them 2 ploughs ; now i ; the value (of them) is (included) in the above valuation (pretio). Of this land 3 (terra) Roger holds of the bishop 25 acres, and (there is there) half a plough, and it is worth 15 shillings. In this manor 17 acres, which were held by the bishop in King Edward's time, are now held by Robert Gernon of the king's gift. Robert also holds 1 virgate of land which was held by the bishop ; and a certain free man so held it that he could betake himself (irt) whither he would, 4 but the soke remained in the manor. HUNDRET OF CEFFEORDA [CHAFFORD] WARELEIA [(Little) Warley] was held by Guert as a manor and as 4 hides less 1 5 acres. Now Humfrey (holds it) of the bishop. Then as now (semper) 5 villeins and 2 bordars. Now 2 serfs. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne ; now 2. Then as now (semper) the men had 3 ploughs. Wood(land) for 700 swine. Pasture for 100 sheep. Then and afterwards it was worth 6 pounds ; now 7. Of this manor Tascelin the priest holds 15 acres. 6 This manor was given to Bishop William by King William after he had crossed the sea, because it belonged of old to 1 In Lexden Hundred. 3 i.e. of this manor, as in the next clause. The whole entry affords additional illustration of the convertible use of ' terra ' and ' manerium ' in Domesday. 4 i.e. to another lord. 5 Compare p. 43 1 above under ' Becangra.' (in antiquo tempore fuit de) the church of St. Paul. CELMERESFORT [Chelmsford] 6 was held by Bishop William in King Edward's time. Now the bishop holds it in demesne 7 as a manor and (as) 8 hides. Then 5 villeins ; now 4. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne ; now 3. Then the men had 5 ploughs between them ; now i. Wood(land) for 300 swine, (and) 30 acres of meadow. Then as now (semper) i mill. And (there are) 2 beasts (animalia) and 27 swine, and 100 sheep. And it is worth 8 pounds. HUNDRET OF TURESTAPLA [THURSTABLE] WICHAM [Wickham (Bishops)], which Bishop William held in King Edward's time, is held by the bishop in demesne as a manor and as 3 hides. Then 7 villeins ; now 5. Then i bordar ; now 4. Then as now (semper) 4 serfs and 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then the men had 4 ploughs ; now 2^. Wood(land) for 30 swine, (and) 31 acres of meadow. Then as now (semper) I mill. And (there are) 6 beasts (animalia'), 50 sheep, IO swine, (and) 20 goats. And it is worth 6 pounds. In it is I free man with (de) 5 acres, fo. II and (he) is worth 1 2 pence. HUNDRET OF TENDERINGA [TENDRING] CICE [Chich 8 ] is held by the bishop in demesne as a manor and (as) 7 hides. And in King Edward's time (there were) 1 8 villeins ; now 9. Then as now (semper) 5 bordars. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne ; now 2. Then the men had between them 9 ploughs ; now 5. There are 4 acres of meadow, (and) pasture for 200 sheep. And (there are) 6 beasts (animalia), 150 sheep, and 16 (sic),* and 30 swine. It was then worth 1 8 pounds ; now 12. CLACHINTUNA [Clacton] was always the see's (in episcopatu) as a manor and (as) 20 hides. Then 50 villeins ; now 45. Then 2O bordars; now 50. Then 13 serfs; now 7. Then 4 ploughs on the demesne ; now 3. Then the men had 50 ploughs between them ; now 2O. Wood(land) for 400 swine, (and) 20 acres of meadow. Then as now (semper) I fishery ; now I mill. (There 6 In Chelmsford Hundred. 7 This manor thus came to be known as Bishop's Hall. 8 Now St. Osyths. 9 Possibly for ' and 1 6 (sheep over).' 439
 * i.e. betake themselves to another lord.