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 A HISTORY OF ESSEX that they were not annual renders at all, but ' certain annual instalments which were being paid by the burgesses for the purchase of the lease of the mint from the king,' in fact, ' that the burgesses or grantees of the mint were paying a fine for their charter of the privilege.' l For the language used in the Ipswich entry is decisively opposed to this solution. High payments, indeed, from mints were not exceptional in Domesday ; Gloucester and Leicester paid 20, and Lincoln as much as 75. Coins of the Conqueror with the names of four Colchester moneyers are known. These four are Wulfric, ./Elfsige, Wulfwine * and Derman. 3 Under Henry I. the names of Wulfwine and ./Elfsige recur on Colchester coins, while those of Edward and Sasgrim (?) make their appearance. 4 Of these names I recognize as holders of houses in the Survey, Wulfric, ./Elfsige, Wulfwine and Derman, while we also find a Sacrim' and a Sagrim', but one ought to add that these names, the last excepted, are hardly distinctive enough for identification, and appear, moreover, to have been borne by several burgesses. Extreme caution is needed in dealing with the question of jirma^ but the language of Domesday appears to leave us in no doubt that the burgesses themselves were called upon to find the fixed annual sum of 40, instead of the moneyers being liable, as at Ipswich, for the payment. The Thetford entry leaves us, perhaps, in some doubt on the point, though the borough itself there appears as responsible. We have yet to deal with two payments, one of which is of great interest, and apparently, in its actual form, unique in Domesday. The first of these was due on ' the quinzaine of Easter ' (quintodecimo die post pascham) yearly, and was a fixed sum of i 6s. 8*/. due from ' the King's burgesses,' and included in the ferm ; it may possibly represent the commutation of a due. The other, which was over and above the ferm, was a payment of sixpence from each house, and was connected with military service. Like other passages in this survey, it is by no means free from obscurity, but, bearing in mind that it had to be paid every year, we may, I think, safely render it as meaning that the proceeds of this payment could be applied either to the mercenary soldiers (so/Marios) or to the expenses of the national ' landfyrd ' or ' scypfyrd ' 6 (expetitionem terra ve / ma ris), but that it had to be paid whether the king engaged soldiers or called out the fyrd or not. 9 We have a payment at Exeter ' ad opus militum,' for which the ' Exon Domesday ' gives ' ad soldarios,' and in the Dorset boroughs we have entries of payments ' ad opus 1 Numismatic Chronicle, ser. 4, i. 423. 8 He had coined here also under Harold (Archeeok&a, iv. 363). * Ibid. xxvi. 96. 8 dnglo-Saxon Chronicle, anno 999. See the Victoria History of Hampshire,. 248-9. At Bedford the phrase is ' in expeditione et in navibus ' ; at Stamford, ' in exercitu et navigio ' ; at Leicester we read, ' Quando rex ibat in exercitu per terram ... si vero per mare in hostem ibat ' ; at Exeter, ' Quando expeditio ibat per terram aut per mare ' ; at Wilton, ' Quando rex ibat in expeditione vel terra vel mari.' 6 For in some places the composition only applied to occasions when the host was actually called out. 422
 * Numismatic Chronicle, ser. 4, i. 166-7.