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 EARLY MAN and in 1889 he found at Caddington the first ochreous abraded imple- ment in situ. The height was 595 feet above the ordnance datum, and 1 16 feet above the chalk valley. No river is in the neighbourhood, the nearest water, one and a half miles to the south, being a tiny brook, which becomes further southwards the river Ver, and still further south the Colne. There seems reason to believe that the living places of palaeolithic men were not confined to river banks, but that they often extended their place of habitation to inland lakes, ponds and swamps, whether on hills or in valleys. It is however certain that when they lived on what are now the Caddington Hills in south Bedfordshire the present valleys had not been excavated. What are now hilltops were valleys in palaeolithic times, surrounded by higher ground with upper chalk and red clay-with- flints. All the implements on the hills, new and old alike, are without exception newer than the Tertiary deposit. The newer men and the older lived on the same swampy ground surrounded by higher lands. The old watercourses no longer exist as such, but they are represented by shallow dry valleys which in their lowest parts still sometimes give rise to temporary drains or brooks. The first implements found by the writer at Caddington belonged to the older, ochreous and slightly abraded type, but it was subsequently found that under the layer of abraded implements was a series of strata of brick-earth, and upon each stratum were palaeolithic implements and flakes. These implements were neither abraded nor ochreous. The lowest stratum was in some cases 40 feet below the present surface, as at Folly Pit near Caddington church, where, at this depth, implements rest direct on the chalk and are covered with brick-earth. The sharp-edged implements are the newer, and they are not confined to Caddington but occur in situ in brick-earth in different directions for several miles. In late palaeolithic times the neighbourhood of Caddington was extensively peopled. That the people actually lived and made their tools there is proved by the fact that nearly 600 flakes have been replaced on imple- ments or on other flakes. Examples of these restorations are in the British Museum, University Museum, Oxford, and elsewhere. The men who lived on the palaeolithic floors, chiefly of brick-earth, at Caddington, represented the latest of the palaeolithic races. They were in the same stage of savagery or barbarism as the palaeolithic men who lived in caves and under rock shelters. As the Caddington men had no homes of this kind they probably made rude shelters or huts of trees and branches. The tools they used were as a rule beautifully made and regular in shape. The ovate implement with a slightly thickened base prevailed as a type ; pointed tools were rare; and the scraper was well known. The flint for tool making and the pebbles of quartzite for the necessary hammers were close at hand in the Tertiary deposit, in the chalk-with-flints and the red clay- with-flints. A typical ovate example is shown in fig. 17 and a smaller specimen in fig. 1 8. The latter is now in the collection of Sir John Evans. 151