Page:Untangling the Web.pdf/76

 :duration: short (< 4 min.), medium (4–20 min.), or long (> 20 min.) with or without a keyword.
 * is:free or is:forsale determines whether or not the search finds free or for purchase videos.
 * language: limits the search to videos in a specific language using the same digraphs as main Google search.

Google Video

In November 2004, Google introduced a new tool called Google Scholar. Here's how the Google site describes it "Google Scholar enables you to search specifically for scholarly literature, including peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research. Use Google Scholar to find articles from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories and universities, as well as scholarly articles available across the web." Moreover, "Google Scholar… automatically analyzes and extracts citations and presents them as separate results, even if the documents they refer to are not online. This means your search results may include citations of older works and seminal articles that appear only in books or other offline publications." Google Scholar not only indexes journal articles, dissertations, and technical reports, it also indexes books, which means you can use Google's new Library Search (OCLC's WorldCat search) to locate the book in a local library or find a place to purchase the book online.

Although a number of scholarly search sites and tools already exist–e. g., CiteSeer, DOAJ, ArXiv, and even Google's own partnership with IEEE-the fact that the premier search engine has branched off into scholarly search is obviously significant. Google Scholar searches across a far wider range of sources than any other publicly available scholarly search tool currently available. Users should be able to read at least an abstract of articles that require registration and access the full text if they or their institution have a subscription for the content. The best thing about Google Scholar is that it gives users the range, power, and flexibility of Google. As far as I can tell, all the types of Google syntax–site:, inurl:, filetype:, etc.–work with Google Scholar. You can limit your search to file type using either the filetype: or ext: syntax, e. g., [ext:pdf] (filetype: and ext: work interchangeably). The most useful addition to Google Scholar is probably the new author: syntax (which, by the way, already existed in Google Groups search).

As you can see from this query, Google Scholar searches and retrieves scholarly references from many types of sources and also provides a handy "Cited by" link that shows all the pages referring to the original work. 68