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Rh that Congress’s removal of the primary mens rea requirement was deliberate. And, when this deliberate choice is considered alongside the history of the provision’s significant expansions, there is ample cause to think that Congress intended a substantive change in meaning.

Other features of the encouragement provision (beyond its plain text and historical development) also suggest that Congress did not mean for the statute to be construed in accordance with established characteristics of solicitation or aiding and abetting. These features further highlight the poor fit between this statute and the narrow solicitation/aiding-and-abetting box into which the majority tries to squeeze Congress’s broad language.

Recall that, in 1986, Congress made it a crime to encourage or induce a noncitizen not just to “come to” or “enter” the United States, but also to “reside” in this country. 100 Stat. 3382; . As the majority notes, while it is a crime for a noncitizen to enter the United States illegally, it is generally not a crime—just a civil violation—to remain in the United States without lawful status, such as when a noncitizen overstays a visitor or student visa. See Arizona v. United States, 567 U. S. 387, 407 (2012); see. Thus, the encouragement provision on its face