Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 123.djvu/3595

 123STA T . 3 57 5 PROCL A M AT I O N8 335 —J AN. 6, 2 0 0 9Proclam a ti o n83 3 5—J an u ar y6,20 0 9Establi s hmen t of the M a r ianas T ren c h Marine N ational Mon u ment BythePr e sid e n t of the U nited S t a tes of Am eri c a A Proc l amation Overap pr oxim a t e ly480n a u ti c al mile s, t h e M ariana A rchipela g oen - compasses the 1 4 islan d so f the U nited S tates C ommon w ealth of the N orthern Mariana I slands and the United States T erritory of G uam that sit atop the Mariana R idge in an area k nown as the Mariana V olcanic Arc . The Mariana Volcanic Arc is part of a su b duction system in which the P acific Plate plunges beneath the Philippine Sea Plate and into the E arth ’ s mantle, creating the Mariana Trench. Six of the archipelago’s islands have been volcanically active in historic times, and numerous seamounts along the Mariana Ridge are volcanically or hydrothermically active. The Mariana Trench is approximately 9 40 nautical miles long and 3 8 nautical miles wide within the United States Exclusive Economic Z one and contains the deepest known points in the global ocean. The Mariana Volcanic Arc contains ob j ects of scientific interest, in- cluding the largest active mud volcanoes on Earth. The Champagne vent, located at the Eifuku submarine volcano, produces almost pure li q uid carbon dioxide. This phenomenon has only been observed at one other site in the world. The Sulfur Cauldron, a pool of liquid sul- fur, is found at the D aikoku submarine volcano. The only other known location of molten sulfur is on Io, a moon of J upiter. Unlike other reefs across the Pacific, the northernmost Mariana reefs provide unique vol- canic habitats that support marine biological communities requiring basalt. Maug Crater represents one of only a handful of places on Earth where photosynthetic and chemosynthetic communities of life are known to come together. The waters of the archipelago’s northern islands are among the most biologically diverse in the W estern Pacific and include the greatest di- versity of seamount and hydrothermal vent life yet discovered. These volcanic islands are ringed by coral ecosystems with very high num- bers of apex predators, including large numbers of sharks. They also contain one of the most diverse collections of stony corals in the West- ern Pacific. The northern islands and shoals in the archipelago have substantially higher large fish biomass, including apex predators, than the southern islands and Guam. The waters of F arallon de Pajaros ( also known as Uracas ) , Maug, and Asuncion support some of the largest biomass of reef fishes in the Mariana Archipelago. These relatively pristine coral reef ecosystems are objects of scientific interest and es- sential to the long-term study of tropical marine ecosystems. W H EREAS the submerged volcanic areas of the Mariana Ridge, the coral reef ecosystems of the waters surrounding the islands of Farallon de Pajaros, Maug, and Asuncion in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Mariana Trench contain objects of scientific interest that are situated upon lands owned or controlled by the Gov- ernment of the United States