Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 122.djvu/3154

 12 2 STA T .3 131 PUBLIC LA W 11 0– 31 5— AU G .1 4, 200 8‘ ‘ (i)eachstud e n tinthe prog ra m to meet high academic standards or demonstrate a record o f success , as determined by the institution (inc l uding prior to entering and being accepted into a program), and participate in intensi v e clinical e x perience ‘‘(ii) each student in the program preparing to become a teacher to become highly q ualified; and ‘‘(iii) each student in the program preparing to become an early childhood educator to meet degree requirements, as established by the S tate, and become highly competent . ‘‘( 18 ) PRINC I PLESOF SCIEN T IFIC RESE A RC H . —T he term ‘prin - ciples of scientific research ’ means principles of research that— ‘‘( A ) apply rigorous, systematic, and ob j ective method- ology to obtain reliable and valid k no w ledge relevant to education activities and programs; ‘‘( B ) present findings and make claims that are appro- priate to, and supported by, the methods that have been employed; and ‘‘( C ) include, appropriate to the research being con- ducted— ‘‘(i) use of systematic, empirical methods that draw on observation or experiment; ‘‘(ii) use of data analyses that are adequate to support the general findings; ‘‘(iii) reliance on measurements or observational methods that provide reliable and generali z able findings; ‘‘(iv) strong claims of causal relationships, only with research designs that eliminate plausible com- peting explanations for observed results, such as, but not limited to, random-assignment experiments; ‘‘(v) presentation of studies and methods in suffi- cient detail and clarity to allow for replication or, at a minimum, to offer the opportunity to build systemati- cally on the findings of the research; ‘‘(vi) acceptance by a peer-reviewed journal or cri- tique by a panel of independent experts through a comparably rigorous, objective, and scientific review; and ‘‘(vii) consistency of findings across multiple studies or sites to support the generality of results and conclusions. ‘‘(1 9 ) PROFESSIONAL D E V ELOP M ENT.—The term ‘professional development’ has the meaning given the term in section 91 0 1 of the E lementary and Secondary Education Act of 19 65 . ‘‘( 2 0) SCIENTIFICALL Y VALID RESEARCH.—The term ‘scientif- ically valid research’ includes applied research, basic research, and field-initiated research in which the rationale, design, and interpretation are soundly developed in accordance with prin- ciples of scientific research. ‘‘(21) TEACHER MENTORIN G .—The term ‘teacher mentoring’ means the mentoring of new or prospective teachers through a program that— ‘‘(A) includes clear criteria for the selection of teacher mentors who will provide role model relationships for

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