Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 121.djvu/1386

 PUBLIC LAW 110–134—DEC. 12, 2007

121 STAT. 1365

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‘‘(19) The term ‘homeless children’ has the meaning given the term ‘homeless children and youths’ in section 725(2) of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11434a(2)). ‘‘(20) The term ‘institution of higher education’ has the meaning given the term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)). ‘‘(21) The term ‘interrater reliability’ means the extent to which 2 or more independent raters or observers consistently obtain the same result when using the same assessment tool. ‘‘(22) The term ‘limited English proficient’, used with respect to a child, means a child— ‘‘(A)(i) who was not born in the United States or whose native language is a language other than English; ‘‘(ii)(I) who is a Native American (as defined in section 9101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801)), an Alaska Native, or a native resident of an outlying area (as defined in such section 9101); and ‘‘(II) who comes from an environment where a language other than English has had a significant impact on the child’s level of English language proficiency; or ‘‘(iii) who is migratory, whose native language is a language other than English, and who comes from an environment where a language other than English is dominant; and ‘‘(B) whose difficulties in speaking or understanding the English language may be sufficient to deny such child— ‘‘(i) the ability to successfully achieve in a classroom in which the language of instruction is English; or ‘‘(ii) the opportunity to participate fully in society. ‘‘(23) The term ‘principles of scientific research’ means principles of research that— ‘‘(A) applies rigorous, systematic, and objective methodology to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs; ‘‘(B) presents findings and makes claims that are appropriate to and supported by methods that have been employed; and ‘‘(C) includes, as appropriate to the research being conducted— ‘‘(i) use of systematic, empirical methods that draw on observation or experiment; ‘‘(ii) use of data analyses that are adequate to support the general findings; ‘‘(iii) reliance on measurements or observational methods that provide reliable and generalizable findings; ‘‘(iv) strong claims of causal relationships, only with research designs that eliminate plausible competing explanations for observed results, such as, but not limited to, random assignment experiments; ‘‘(v) presentation of studies and methods in sufficient detail and clarity to allow for replication or, at a minimum, to offer the opportunity to build systematically on the findings of the research;

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