Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 108 Part 3.djvu/191

 PUBLIC LAW 103-322—SEPT. 13, 1994 108 STAT. 1943 of the tribes on rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, and other crimes of violence motivated by the victim's gender. SEC. 40412. TRAINING PROVIDED BY GRANTS. 42 USC 18992 Training provided pursuant to grants made under this subtitle may include current information, existing studies, or current data on— (1) the nature and incidence of rape and sexual assault by strangers and nonstrangers, marital rape, and incest; (2) the underreporting of rape, sexual assault, and child sexual abuse; (3) the physical, psychological, and economic impact of rape and sexual assault on the victim, the costs to society, and the implications for sentencing; (4) the psychology of sex offenders, their high rate of recidivism, and the implications for sentencing; (5) the historical evolution of laws and attitudes on rape and sexual assault; (6) sex stereot3T)ing of female and male victims of rape and sexual assault, racial stereotyping of rape victims and defendants, and the impact of such stereotypes on credibility of witnesses, sentencing, and other aspects of the administration of justice; (7) application of rape shield laws and other limits on introduction of evidence that may subject victims to improper sex stereotyping and harassment in both rape and nonrape cases, including the need for sua sponte judicial intervention in inappropriate cross-examination; (8) the use of expert witness testimony on rape trauma syndrome, child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, posttraumatic stress syndrome, and similar issues; (9) the legitimate reasons why victims of rape, sexual assault, and incest may refuse to testify against a defendant; (10) the nature and incidence of domestic violence; (11) the physical, psychological, and economic impact of domestic violence on the victim, the costs to society, and the implications for court procedures and sentencing; (12) the psychology and self-presentation of batterers and victims and the implications for court proceedings and credibility of witnesses; (13) sex stereotyping of female and male victims of domestic violence, mj^hs about presence or absence of domestic violence in certain racial, ethnic, religious, or socioeconomic groups, and their impact on the administration of justice; (14) historical evolution of laws and attitudes on domestic violence; (15) proper and improper interpretations of the defenses of self-defense and provocation, and the use of expert witness testimony on battered woman syndrome; (16) the likelihood of retaliation, recidivism, and escalation of violence by batterers, and the potential impact of incarceration and other meaningful sanctions for acts of domestic violence including violations of orders of protection; (17) economic, psychological, social and institutional reasons for victims' inability to leave the batterer, to report domestic violence or to follow through on complaints, including the influence of lack of support from police, judges, and court

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