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GONZALES v. OREGON Opinion of the Court

Justice Kennedy delivered the opinion of the Court. The question before us is whether the Controlled Sub­ stances Act allows the United States Attorney General to lic Medical Association by Teresa Stanton Collett; for the Christian Medi­ cal Association et al. by Steven H. Aden, Gregory S. Baylor, and Kimber­ lee W. Colby; for Focus on the Family et al. by William Wagner, Nelson P. Miller, Stephen W. Reed, and Patrick A. Trueman; for the International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide by Rita L. Marker; for Liberty Counsel by Mathew D. Staver, Erik W. Stanley, Rena M. Linde­ valdsen, and Mary E. McAlister; for the National Association of Pro-Life Nurses by Daniel Avila; for the National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent & Disabled, Inc., by James Bopp, Jr., Thomas J. Marzen, and Richard E. Coleson; for Not Dead Yet et al. by Max Lapertosa; for the Pro-Life Legal Defense Fund et al. by Dwight G. Duncan, Thomas M. Harvey, and Richard F. Collier, Jr.; for the Thomas More Society by Paul Benjamin Linton and Thomas Brejcha; for the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops et al. by Mark E. Chopko and Michael F. Moses; and for Senator Rick Santorum et al. by Donald A. Daugherty, Jr. Briefs of amici curiae urging afﬁrmance were ﬁled for the State of California et al. by Bill Lockyer, Attorney General of California, and Tay­ lor S. Carey, Special Assistant Attorney General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: Robert J. Spagnoletti of the District of Columbia, Jim Hood of Mississippi, Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon of Missouri, and Mike McGrath of Montana; for the American Civil Liberties Union et al. by Andrew L. Frey, David M. Gossett, Steven R. Shapiro, and Charles F. Hinkle; for the American College of Legal Medi­ cine by Miles J. Zaremski; for the American Public Health Association by David T. Goldberg, Sean H. Donahue, and Daniel N. Abrahamson; for Autonomy, Inc., et al. by Amy R. Sabrin; for the Cato Institute by Pamela Harris; for the Coalition of Medical Associations and Societies et al. by Geoffrey J. Michael; for the Coalition of Mental Health Professionals by Steven Alan Reiss; for Healthlaw Professors by Arthur B. LaFrance; for Members of the Oregon Congressional Delegation by William R. Stein; for Margaret P. Battin et al. by Rebecca P. Dick and Ronald A. Lindsay; for Richard Briffault et al. by David W. Ogden and Paul R. Q. Wolfson; and for 52 Religious and Religious Freedom Organizations and Leaders by Gregory A. Castanias and Lawrence D. Rosenberg. Briefs of amici curiae were ﬁled for Physicians for Compassionate Care Educational Foundation by Gregory P. Lynch; and for Surviving Family Members by Robert A. Free and Katrin E. Frank.