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54 States. It did not survive the Civil War and was succeeded by local assemblies of machinists and blacksmiths, organized under the Knights of Labor, the first of which was in Philadelphia, in 1873. The present organization began as an association of railroad blacksmiths under the title of International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths. It was practically wiped out by the American Railway Union strike, but revived sufficiently to secure a charter from the American Federation of Labor in 1897. Jurisdiction was extended to include blacksmith helpers, and in 1903 the name of the organization was changed to International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths and Helpers.

Drop forgers formed an organization at Boston, Mass., in 1900, and in 1905 merged with the International Association of Machinists. They withdrew later and formed an independent organization known as the Brotherhood of Drop Forgers, Die Sinkers, and Trimming Die Makers. Affiliation to the American Federation of Labor was refused because of conflicting jurisdiction, since blacksmiths included drop forging in their claims. In 1919 the Brotherhood of Drop Forgers amalgamated with the Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, which then became the International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers, and Helpers.

Objects.—"Believing it to be the natural right of those who toil to enjoy to the fullest extent the wealth created by their labor; and realizing that under the changing industrial conditions of our time and the enormous growth of syndicates and other aggressions of capital it is impossible for us to obtain the full reward of our labor except by united action; and believing that organization founded on sound principles as to the wisest use of our citizenship, based upon the class struggle along cooperative, economic, and political lines, with a view of restoring the common wealth of our governments to the people, and by using the natural resources and means of production and distribution for the benefit of all the people, * * * we pledge ourselves to labor unitedly in behalf of the principles herein set forth, to perpetuate our association on the basis of friendship and justice, to expound its objects and work for their general adoption."

Territorial jurisdiction.—United States, Canada, and Panama.

Trade jurisdiction.—"It is hereby established and imperatively ordered that the following shall be blacksmith work, which includes all blacksmith work in the railroad shops, shipyards, navy yards, arsenals and naval stations, automobile shops, carriage and wagon shops, motor-cycle shops, and contract shops, frog and crossing shops, drop-forge shops, forge shops, spring shops, chain shops, nut, bolt, and rivet shops, and acetylene, electric, or thermit welding shops, and all other shops where blacksmith work is done.

"(a) All forging, all welding, whether by acetylene, electric, or thermit or any other process, also flue and tube welding, straightening of iron and steel, both hot and cold; all blacksmiths' work on structural-shaped steel, all forging, tempering, and dressing of tools, including sharp-edge tools and instruments; bending and straightening of angle iron, channel iron, T iron, and I beams, whether done hot or cold, from furnaces or fires, operating forging and upsetting machines, drop forging and trimmers, both hot and cold; axle forgers, bolt machines, bulldozer machine work, or any machine doing blacksmith work, and all work performed on Bradley hammer, punch, and shear machines when connected with the blacksmith department, hot or cold hand press machines, all frames on engines, cars, tanks, and trucks, all welding of rails, building up switch points and frogs, and all track work, all dredge-dipper and steam-shovel work, hardeners, case hardeners, annealers, and heat treaters, and the reclaiming of scrap.

"(b) Automobile and wagon and carriage shops, putting on, taking off, and fitting auto fenders, putting on running-board brackets, building and rebuilding fire trucks, making and repairing all springs, putting on and taking off all springs, making all springs and spring fittings, setting and riveting when