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 6 For an interesting discussion of this point see George von Siemens, "The National Importance of the Bourse," in ''The Nation'' (London), October 6, 1900. Cf., also, W. M. Shuster, The Strangling of Persia: a Record of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue (New York, 1912).

7 W. M. Sombart, ''Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft in neunzehnten Jahrhundert'' (second edition, Berlin, 1909), p. 184.

8 Regarding early German interest in Near Eastern colonization cf. K. A. Sprenger, ''Babylonien, das reichste Land in der Vorzeit und das lohnendste Kolonisationsfeld für die Gegenwart (Heidelberg, 1886); Paul Dehn, Deutschland und die Orientbahnen'' (Munich, 1883); K. Karger, Kleinasien, ein deutsches Kolonisationsfeld (Berlin, 1892); ''Deutsche Ansprüche an das türkischen Erbe'' (Munich, 1896), a symposium including an article by von Moltke.

9 C. Nawratski, Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas (Munich, 1914); Syria and Palestine, p. 59; Mesopotamia, pp. 6-7, 11; Anatolia, pp. 4-7.

10 Supra, p. 84; H. F. B. Lynch, "The Bagdad Railway," in the Fortnightly Review, March 1, 1911, pp. 376-377; A. Brisse, "Les intérêts de l'Allemagne dans l'Empire Ottoman," in ''Revue de Géographie, June, 1902, pp. 486-487; P. Rohrbach, Die Bagdadbahn'', pp. 17-21, 35.

11 Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 231 (1908), p. 4253c; P. Rohrbach, Die Bagdadbahn, p. 16, and Deutschland unter den Weltvölkern, pp. 51-53; Von Gwinner, ''loc. cit.'', p. 1090.

12 Die Bagdadbahn, p. 16. Cf., also, R. Henry, ''Des Montes Bohèmes au Golfe Persique; l'Asie Turque et le Chemin de fer de Bagdad (Paris, 1908), p. 509 et seq.; C. H. Becker, Deutschland und der Islam'' (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1914); Ernst Jäckh, Die deutsch-türkische Waffenbrüderschaft (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1915).

13 H. A. Gibbons, ''The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East'' (New York, 1917), pp. 109-110.

14 Quoted by Marriot, op. cit., p. 356.

15 Die Bagdadbahn, pp. 18-19.

16 In this connection see an important statement by Sir Thomas Barclay in the Proceedings of the Central Asian Society (London), March 1, 1911, pp. 21-22, and the opinion of Karl Helfferich, Die deutsche Türkenpolitik, p. 14.

17 Von Reventlow, op. cit., p. 343. Regarding the so-called Drang nach Osten and the coincidence of Austrian and German interests in the Near East cf. M. Meyer, Balkanstaaten, Bagdadbahn (Leipzig, 1914); J. W. Headlam, "The Balkans and Diplomacy," in the Atlantic Monthly (Boston), January, 1916, pp. 124