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26 falsify the former. Between contraries there is a medium; it may be that some members did, some did not vote; hence both of two contraries may be false; though both cannot be true. I hope I have made clear what schoolmen mean by the two kinds of opposition in sentences; to wit, contrary and contradictory opposition. Now, why have I intruded logic on my readers? Because, as I said, we cannot get on in the present case without it, and the neglect of the canon stated above, that " the condemnation of an opinion implies the truth of its contradictory, but not that of its contrary," is at the bottom of more than half the misconceptions that have entered the heads even of well meaning people with regard to Pius IX.'s Syllabus.

Take an example: the Pope condemns this proposition (27th of the Syllabus): "The sacred ministers of the Church and the Pontiff are to be excluded from every charge and dominion over temporal affairs." Its contradictory would run thus: "The sacred ministers, etc., are not to be excluded from every charge and do minion over temporal affairs." This is defined as true. Ten thousand contraries might be framed, as damnable as the condemned proposition itself; for example:

"The sacred ministers and Roman Pontiff should have every charge and dominion over temporal affairs;" or else, "The Roman Pontiff should have charge and dominion over the temporal affairs of the British Crown, and control the expenditure of the Queen's household, and the civil list," etc., etc. Every one of Mr. Gladstone's blunders on the score of condemned propositions proceeds from the Right Honourable gentleman's sub-