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Rh son, and subject their property and revenues to the administration and pleasure of the Civil power. Allocution Acerbissimam, Sept. 27th, 1852.

54. Kings and princes are not only exempt from the jurisdiction of the Church, but are superior to the Church in deciding questions of jurisdiction. Apostolic Letter Multiplices inter, June 10th, 1851.

55. The Church ought to be separated from the State, and the State from the Church. Allocution Acerbissimam, Sept. 27th, 1852.

56. Moral laws do not stand in need of the Divine sanction, and it is not at all necessary that human laws should be made conformable to the laws of nature, and receive their power of binding from God. Allocution Maxima quidem, June 3rd, 1862.

57. The science of philosophical things and morals, and also civil laws, may and ought to keep aloof from Divine and ecclesiastical authority.

58. No other forces are to be recognized except those which reside in matter, and all the rectitude and excel lence of morality ought to be placed in the accumula tion and increase of riches by every possible means, and the gratification of pleasure.

59. Right consists in the material fact. All human duties are an empty word, and all human facts have the force of right.

60. Authority is nothing else but numbers and the sum total of material forces.