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Rh  tion of the Divine Sacraments, and the dispositions necessary for receiving them. Allocution In Consistoriali, Nov. 1st, 1850, etc.

45. The entire government of public schools in which the youth of a Christian State is educated, except (to a certain extent) in the case of episcopal seminaries, may and ought to appertain to the civil power, and belong to it so far that no other authority whatsoever shall be recognized as having any right to interfere in the discipline of the schools, the arrangement of the studies, the conferring of degrees, in the choice or approval of the teachers. Allocution Quibus luctuosissimis, Sept. 5th, 1851.

46. Moreover, even in ecclesiastical seminaries, the method of studies to be adopted is subject to the civil authority. Allocution Nunquam fore, Dec. 15th, 1856.

47. The best theory of civil society requires that popular schools, open to children of every class of the people, and generally, all public institutes intended for instruction in letters and philosophical sciences, and for carrying on the education of youth, should be freed from all ecclesiastical authority, control, and interference, and should be fully subjected to the civil and political power at the pleasure of the rulers, and according to the standard of the prevalent opinions of the age. Epistle to the Archbishop of Freyburg, July 14th, 1864.

48. Catholics may approve of a system of educating youth, unconnected with Catholic faith and the power of the Church, and which regards the knowledge of