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 Executive Orders EO 13435 peer reviewed research that may result in improved understanding of or treatments for diseases and other adverse health conditions, and (ii) to pro- mote the derivation of human pluripotent stem cell lines from a variety of alternative sources while clearly meeting the standard set forth in section l(a) of this order; (b) it is critical to establish moral and ethical boundaries to allow the Na- tion to move forward vigorously with medical research, while also main- taining the highest ethical standards and respecting human life and human dignity; (c) the destruction of nascent life for research violates the principle that no life should be used as a mere means for achieving the medical benefit of another; (d) human embryos and fetuses, as living members of the human species, are not raw materials to be exploited or commodities to be bought and sold; and (e) the Federal Government has a duty to exercise responsible stewardship of taxpayer funds, both supporting important medical research and respect- ing ethical and moral boundaries. Sec. 3. Interpretation of this Order. (a) For purposes of this order, the term "human embryo" shall mean any organism, not protected as a human sub- ject under 45 CFR 46 as of the date of this order, that is derived by fer- tilization, parthenogenesis, cloning, or any other means from one or more human gametes or human diploid cells. (b) For purposes of this order, the term "subjecting to harm a human em- bryo" shall mean subjecting such an embryo to risk of injury or death great- er than that allowed for research on fetuses in utero under 45 CFR 46.204(b) and section 498(b) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 289g(b)) as of the date of this order. (c) Nothing in this order shall be construed to affect any policy, guideline, or regulation regarding embryonic stem cell research, human cloning by so- matic cell nuclear transfer, or any other research not specifically authorized by this order, or to forbid the use of existing stem cell lines deemed eligible for other federally funded research in accordance with the presidential pol- icy decision of August 9, 200% for research specifically authorized by this order. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (b) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right, benefit, or privilege, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity, by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. GEORGE W. BUSH The White House, June 20, 2007. 223

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