Page:Thomas Patrick Hughes - Notes on Muhammadanism - 2ed. (1877).djvu/56

 Rh clear and palpable: e. g. "Thou art free," "Thou art divorced."

(4) Kináyah.—Words which are metaphorical in their meaning: e. g. "Thou art separated; by which may be meant "thou art divorced."

IV. The deduction of arguments, or istidlál, as expressed in the Qurán, is divided into four sections: ʾIbárat, Ishárat, Dalálat, and Iqtizá.

(1) ʾIbárat.—The plain sentence.

(2) Ishárat.—A sign or hint: e. g. "Born of him;" meaning, of course, the father.

(3) Dalálat.—The argument arising from a word or expression: e. g. Súra-i-Baní Isráíl (xvii.), 23, "Say not unto your parents fie" (Arabic, uff); from which it is argued that children are not either to abuse or beat their parents.

(4) Iqtizá.—Demanding certain conditions: e. g. Súra-i-Nisá (iv.), 91, "Whoso killeth a Mumin (believer) by mischance shall be bound to free a slave.: Here the condition demanded is that the slave shall be the property of the person who frees him.

An acquaintance with the use of these