Page:Thomas Hare - The Election of Representatives, parliamentary and municipal.djvu/44

xl geographical principle, 30—Increased scope for electoral action, 31—Representation of interest, 32—Inadequacy of the county representation, 33—The agricultural interest, 34—Manufactures, shipping, trade, 35—Absence of representation of the working classes, 36, 37—Contrast of the system of personal representation with its opposite, 30, 40.

Reform Act of 1832, page 41—Double process of giving representation to boroughs and creating boroughs for the purpose of representation, 41—Natural order in forming communities, 42—Artificial divisions, 43, 47, 48—Burke, 42, 48—Projected reform by grouping some boroughs and disfranchising others, 44—Disposition to voluntary association in guilds, fraternities, companies, &c., 46, 47—Its operation to be encouraged in forming electoral divisions, 47—The Crown the essential basis of legislative construction, 49—Provision for such reconstruction from time to time, 50—Immediate need of it, 52—Effect on the public spirit and emulation of majorities, 54—Guizot, 53—Early access to political life of men of talent, 56.

Duke of Richmond's plan in 1780, page 58—Reform Act of 1832, 59—Examples of Electoral districts, Ayr, Finsbury, Exeter, 59—Equality or permanency of geographical divisions impossible, 61—All involve the extinction of minorities, 62—Establishment of a self-acting scale, 62—Apportionment of representatives to the several states in America, 63—“Gerrymandering,” 64—Proportional system, 65—Geographical equality of this system, 65—Compared with that of contributory boroughs, 66—Efforts to pack the constituencies anticipated, 67—Majorities pronouncing on questions of peace or war, 68—Examples, 70—Comparison of classes likely to be represented in voluntary constituencies and in the smaller boroughs, 71, 73.

Vastness of political science, page 74—Traditional method of selecting legislators now unsuitable, 75—Legal and practical obstacles to candidates, 76—Contrast between the former and present mode of choice, 77—Traditional responsibility, 77—The Reform Bill and its necessity, 79—