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FOOTNOTES 37 Pendray, “Pioneer Rocket Development in the United States,” 23-24; Pendray, “The First Quarter Century of the American Rocket Society,” Jet Propulsion, XXV (Nov. 1955), 586-593.

38 Frank J. Malina, “Origins and First Decade of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,” in Emme, ed., History of Rocket Technology, 52-54.

39 Ibid., 46—66; Haley; Rocketry and Space Exploration, 97-99; Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, 249-250, 436, 438; Perry, “Antecedents of the X–l,” 20-23.

40 An exception to the pattern of private sponsorship of rocket societies was the “Group for the Study of Rocket Propulsion Systems,” known as GIRD, established under government auspices in the Soviet Union in 1931. House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 87 Cong., 1 sess. ( 1961 ), House Report No. 67, A Chronology of Missile and Astronautic Events, 3; G. A. Tokaty, “Soviet Rocket Technology,” in Emme, ed., History of Rocket Technology, 275-276; also published in Technology and Culture, IV (Fall 1963), 520-521.

41 On Oberth see Williams and Epstein, Rocket Pioneers, 111, 143; Gartmann, Men Behind the Space Rockets; Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, 108—130; William Meyer-Cords, “Introduction” to Hermann Oberth, Man into Space: New Projects for Rocket and Space Travel, trans. G. P. H. deFreville (New York, 1957), vii-xiv; Hermann Oberth, “From My Life,” Astronautics, IV (June 1959), 38-39, 100-104; and G. V. E. Thompson, “Oberth—Doyen of Spaceflight Today,” Spaceflight, I (Oct. 1957), 170-171.

42 Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, 118-162, 197-201; Walter Dornberger, “The German V— 2,” in Emme, ed., History of Rocket Technology, 29-33; also published in Technology and Culture, IV (Fall 1963), 394-395. Williams and Epstein, Rocket Pioneers, 144— 170. Von Braun received a doctorate in physics from the University of Berlin in 1934.

43 See Walter Dornberger, V-2 (New York, 1954); Dornberger, “The German V-2,” 33-45; Williams and Epstein, Rocket Pioneers, 204-231; Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, 202—231; Dieter K. Huzel, Peenemünde to Canaveral (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962); Leslie G. Simon, German Research in World War II: An Analysis of the Conduct of Research (New York, 1947), 33—35; and Theodore Benecke and A. W. Quick, eds., History of German Guided Missiles (Brunswick, Ger., 1957).

44 Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, 212-217; Kurt H. Debus, “Evolution of Launch Concepts and Space Flight Operations,” in Ernst Stuhlinger, Frederick I. Ordway III, Jerry C. McCall, and George C. Bucher, eds.. From Peenemünde to Outer Space: Commemorating the Fiftieth Birthday of Wernher von Braun (Huntsville, Ala., 1962), 45. During the powered phase of its flight within the atmosphere the V-2 was stabilized by  large aerodynamic fins.

45 Chronology of Missile and Astronautic Events, 7; Dornberger, “The German V-2,” 32—33. “Vengeance Weapon No. 1”—V–1—was a radio-controlled, subsonic guided missile powered by a pulsejet engine, developed by the German Air Force. Besides the A–4, the accomplishments of the Peenemünde rocket workers included the launching in the early part of 1945 of a winged A–4, called the A–9, which they had designed as the  upper stage of a rocket to attack the United States. And by the end of the war Eugen Sanger, already well-known as an Austrian rocket scientist before going to work for the Luftwaffe, and Irene Bredt, a noted German physicist, had written an elaborate report containing a design for an antipodal rocket bomber that would skip in and out of the atmosphere to drop its payload and land halfway around the world. See also Eugen Sanger, Rocket Flight Engineering, NASA TT F-223 (Washington, 1965).

46 Senate Preparedness Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, 85 Cong., 1 and 2 sess. (1957—58), Inquiry into Satellite and Missile Programs, Hearings, testimony of Wernher von Braun, Part 1, 850; David S. Akens, Historical Origins of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Ala., 1960), 24-29; Tokaty, “Soviet Rocket Technology,” 278-279; James McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast (New York, 1964);  Clarence G. Lasby, “German Scientists in America: Their Importation, Exploitation, and Assimilation, 1945-1952,” unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California at Los  Angeles, 1962. All together, Paperclip brought nearly 500 aeronautical and rocket scientists, engineers, and technicians to the United States.

47 Quoted in Tokaty, “Soviet Rocket Technology,” 279.

48 Inquiry into Satellite and Missile Programs, testimony of von Braun, Part 1, 581; Parry, Russia’s Rockets and Missiles, 118—125. 519