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80 literature of the Shin sect have been treated of by James Troup in Vols. XIV. and XVII. of the "Asiatic Transactions" (the paper in the latter being entitled The Gobunshō). This sect curiously illustrates the fact that a religion may, with the lapse of time and by passing from nation to nation, end by becoming almost the exact contrary of what it was at starting. At first sight, one would imagine the Shin sect to be a travesty of Christianity rather than a development of Buddhism.—See also the "Asiatic Transactions," Vol. XXX. Part II. p. 291, and an article by Dr. L. Busse in Part 50 of the "German Asiatic Transactions." 

Camphor. Japan's new colony of Formosa is the greatest camphor-producing district in the world, and Japan proper comes next, though the ruthless deforestation that has disgraced the present epoch bids fair to ruin this source of national income before the lapse of many more years. Unfortunately, camphor cannot, like lacquer or maple-sugar, be extracted by tapping. The tree must be felled and cut into chips, which are steamed in a vat, the vapour being made to carry off the fumes into a cooling apparatus, where condensation takes place and the camphor and camphor-oil are afterwards skimmed off. Cabinets made of camphor-wood are much esteemed, not only for the fine grain and silky sheen of the wood, but for its efficacy against the attacks of insects.

The camphor-laurel ranks among the stateliest of trees, frequently attaining to an enormous height and girth,—thirty, forty, and even fifty feet in circumference. Grand specimens may be seen at Atami, at Atsuta, and at Dazaifu,—all places on or near the ordinary lines of travel. Such giant trees are often worshipped by the simple country folk, who hang ropes of straw or paper round them in token of reverence.



Capital Cities. If the Japanese annals may be trusted, Japan has had no less than sixty capitals. This is to be traced to the fact that in ancient days there was a superstitious dread of any place in which a person had died. The sons of a dead man built themselves a new house. Hence, too, the successor of a dead Mikado established a new capital. The provinces of Yamato, Yamashiro, Kawachi, and Settsu, which were the home and centre of the early Japanese monarchy, are dotted with places, now mere villages,