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320 (lit. "big hell"), some four miles beyond Miyanoshita. The crater of Shirane-san in the province of Kōtsuke has a pool so rich in hydrochloric acid (2½ per cent, according to Dr. Divers, F.R.S.), that it may be administered as an excellent lemonade in the treatment of stomach and other affections. But speaking generally, sulphur, iron sulphate, and salt are everywhere the chief minerals found in the Japanese springs. Excepting the Hirano water used for Seltzer, very few contain carbonic acid gas. Few are cold; few are efficacious, like Vichy and Karlsbad, in diseases of the stomach and liver. On the other hand, the Kusatsu waters probably stand alone in the world by reason of their double character, consisting, as they do, of cold corrosively acid water and nearly boiling sulphur water. Little short of miraculous are the cures which, by virtue of their temperature and their mineral acids, sulphur, and arsenic, they are capable of working, when mixed, upon syphilitic persons and on those afflicted with the severer forms of rheumatism. The Japanese have a proverb to the effect that love is the only grave distemper against which Kusatsu can effect nothing.

In many cases a spring is famous in its own neighbourhood only. But it then almost invariably gains in one way what it loses in another. The good country folk for twenty miles around consider it a panacea for all the ills to which flesh is heir. It is impossible to picture to oneself anything more grotesquely dissimilar to an Ems or a Homburg than one of these tiny spas, perched—say—midst the mountains of Shinshū or Etchū, and visited only by Japanese of the most old-fashioned type and limited means—where, instead of a table d'hôte, each guest is served in his own poor room with a bowl of rice or maybe millet, a scrap of salted egg-plant, and perhaps, on high days and holidays, a small broiled fish. Even this is luxury compared with the state of things existing in some remote districts, where the peasant invalids come bringing their own rice and bedding with them on pack-horses, and pay only five cents a day for lodging, for the use of the mineral spring, and a titbit or two at each meal to help the rice down.